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5.5 Geology Subsurface System Design Issues and Approaches 5.6 Water Availability Chapter 5 Creation and operation of an EGS require that water be available at the site for a reasonable cost. In the absence of a nearby river, major lake, or the sea as a cooling source, the most efficient power generation systems require evaporative cooling, which means that an average of about 15% of the water requirements for the cooling system are lost to evaporation and need to be replaced. During creation of an extensive and connected fractured system, large quantities of water are needed for stimulation and growth of the reservoir. While most systems probably can be maintained without adding much water through management of pressure in the reservoir, some water will need to be replaced in the reservoir. The size of the reservoir may need to be expanded periodically to maintain the heatexchange area, requiring the addition of more water. A site with water available in large quantities, in close proximity, will improve project economics. 57 somewhat lower flow rates, lower conversion efficiencies (because of lower temperatures), and greater depths (required to encounter economic temperatures). These factors often bring the wellfield cost up to more than 50% of the total cost of the project, at least in the early stages of project development. Other factors affecting well cost include lithology, grain or crystal size, and degree of weathering. These influence the rate of penetration and the life of the drill bit, as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of the rock and, thus, the results of the stimulation. Other geologic factors influence hole stability, ease of maintaining directional control, and drilling fluid circulation loss. However, drilling cost is not the only cost element of the EGS affected by rock properties. Rock, in general, does not make a very good heat exchanger. While rocks have a high heat capacity and can, therefore, store a large amount of thermal energy per unit of volume, they do not have very high thermal conductivities. This means that water we inject into our enhanced or created reservoir must reside in the fractures or pore spaces long enough to heat up, and that only the rock surface area close to the fluid flow path will give up its heat to the fluid. There are two ways to increase the residence time of the water in the rock: (i) increase the path length and (ii) slow the flow rate. The second method seems in direct contrast to our goal of having very high flow rates per well. However, we can slow the flow rate in a given fracture or part of the porous system by exposing the fluid to more fractures or a larger porous matrix contact area. This conforms to our other option of increasing the path length, because a longer path length will also allow more contact area. A larger number of fractures in combination with larger well spacing and a more complex fracture or porous pathway should accomplish the goal of a longer residence time for the fluid, and should also result in higher transmissivity. To accomplish the two goals of long residence time and high transmissivity, a large number of complex fractures – none of them with very large apertures – would work the best. If the natural fractures in place are closely spaced, stimulating them to produce more connected and more conductive pathways should yield an ideal EGS reservoir. However, if fractures are fewer and widely separated, then a much larger well spacing will be needed.PDF Image | Subsurface System Design Issues EGS vs. Hydrothermal Pool
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