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5.9 Approach for Targeting EGS Reservoirs Subsurface System Design Issues and Approaches Chapter 5 Exploring for hydrothermal geothermal systems is a highrisk proposition. Not only must the resource have a high temperature at a drillable depth, it must also be very permeable with fluid in place and sufficient recharge available to sustain longterm operation. With EGS resources, the exploration effort is not as demanding because, ultimately, only high temperature at drillable depth is really necessary. The temperatureatdepth maps of Chapter 2 provide us with the basic information we need to assess a project site. However, the economics of the project can be greatly improved by selecting a site with the right geological characteristics. The criteria that make one site more economical to develop than another are fairly obvious. Most will be discussed in detail in the chapter on economics (Chapter 9). Here, we will address the resource characteristics that improve the project economics and reduce project risk. Proximity to load centers. Where possible, sites relatively close to a load center with existing infrastructure (roads, power lines, water supply, etc.) are preferred. Temperature gradient. Depth, number of wells, etc., will be set by the required temperature and by economic optimization. Obviously, highertemperature gradients allow hightemperature rock to be reached at shallower depths, which reduces drilling costs. Structural information. Because EGS reservoir depths are likely to exceed 3,000 m (10,000 ft), structural information on the target formations is likely to be limited. Geophysical techniques should be considered with a view to identifying fault zones, major fractures, and possible convection cells. Regional stress regime. Some regional stress data are available, but we do not have the ability to estimate stress regimes at depths of interest (see 5.8.1). The type of stress regime is largely unimportant; successful reservoir stimulation usually can be achieved if there is some existing and/or historical differential stress of any kind. The first well should be directionally drilled to maximize the intersection with critically oriented joints in the target region. Large rock volume. A site with a large volume of fairly homogeneous rock is preferred, which allows extension of information from the first wells to the rest of the area and reduces risk. Thick sedimentary cover. A thick sedimentary cover, but without overpressure, above basement rock can insulate the crystalline rock, resulting in higher average temperature gradients, thereby reducing drilling cost. Water availability and storage. Sites in sedimentary rock have the advantage of having water stored in place and will probably exhibit permeability. The matrix porosity may allow for better heat exchange. Sedimentary formations, however, may allow leakoff of injected fluids outside the stimulated reservoir volume. Microseismic monitoring network wells. For early systems, a microseismic monitoring network will be required (Cornet, 1997). Its design will depend on the nature of the superficial formations and the depth and geometry of the target reservoir zone. Wells drilled for exploration, for oil and gas 511PDF Image | Subsurface System Design Issues EGS vs. Hydrothermal Pool
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