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Subsurface System Design Issues and Approaches Chapter 5 formation for an EGS would be the Cotton Valley Formation, a tight sand encountered at between 4.6 km (15,000 ft) and 5.2 km (17,000 ft). In this area, temperature gradients are about 40°C/km, and the temperature at the completion depth of 5.75 km (18,900 ft) is 200°C. Rates of penetration (ROP) for this area are high except for soft shales at shallow depths. However, well costs are affected by overpressure encountered in some formations, so extra casing strings may be needed. ii. Nampa, Idaho This location in southwest Idaho is in the Snake River Plain with basalt to a depth of about 1.5 km and granitic basement below that. Basalt is hard and abrasive with fractures and loss zones. The temperature gradient is 43°C/km on average, but is higher below the basalt, so that the completion temperature at the target depth of 5.5 km is 265°C. iii. Three Sisters, Oregon The area immediately around the Three Sisters volcanoes is a national park and is, therefore, off limits for drilling. However, a large caldera complex with high heat flow extends to the east toward Bend. Faults trending northeastsouthwest, possibly tensional, pass through the caldera area and make this a potential target. Volcanics with potentially large lost circulation zones overlie granitic basement. The target temperature is 250°C at 4.6 km, due to a geothermal gradient of about 50°C/km. However, shallow groundwater circulation may obscure a much higher gradient, and no deep well data are available to determine this. iv. Poplar, Montana Plentiful data and ongoing oil and gas production from the Poplar Dome oil field in the Madison limestone make this site of interest. There are two targets: (i) the shallow, knowntemperature oil field with temperatures of about 135°C at 2.2 km and (ii) the deep, granitic basement at 250°C at 6.5 km or possibly shallower. There has been little deep exploration in this area because production in the upper zones has been sufficient. However, as production has declined, deeper wells have been drilled in neighboring fields. Unfortunately, few temperature data are publicly available. The example addressed below is completed at shallow depth and low temperature in the Madison limestone because there are available data on this resource. The area generally is normally pressured. The location on a Sioux reservation with a casino, development, and increasing demand for power make this site somewhat more attractive. v. Kelseyville, California The Clear Lake volcanic field has very high temperature gradients and a great deal of data from both mining and geothermal exploration. Although tailings piles from mercury mining drain into the lake in some areas, making the environmental aspects of this site challenging, the location was chosen away from old mines but outside the city of Kelseyville. The target temperature is 415°C at a depth of 6 km. The high temperature warrants the deep depth. Altered and potentially unstable metasedimentary rocks overlie granite, which starts at variable depth of around 34 km. vi. Conway,NewHampshire This site is in the East, with a somewhat elevated temperature gradient (for the East Coast) of 24°C/km. The completion depth is 7 km to reach 200°C, with drilling through granite to total depth. The stress regime in this area is not well known, but is likely to be strike slip. 515PDF Image | Subsurface System Design Issues EGS vs. Hydrothermal Pool
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