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Appendices Chapter 5 Subsurface System Design Issues and Approaches A.5.1.1 Logging tools A.5.1 Current State of Technology 523 Temperature, pressure, spinner, and gamma tools are available for use on logging cable for up to about 300°C. For temperatures exceeding this, the tools should be used as memory tools run on slick line. Resistivity, sonic, gamma, and density neutron tools are available for use at or above 260°C and 20 MPa pressures (Sarian and Gibson, 2005). Borehole imaging can be done by cooling the hole and using Formation Microimaging (micro resistivity) or by using a hightemperature (225°C limit) ultrasonic borehole televiewer. A.5.1.2 Downholemechanicaltools Downhole mechanical tools (packers, etc.) can be equipped for reliable service up to about 250°C. However, openhole packers that can be set and released reliably are not readily available for these temperatures. Sandia (Mansure and Westmoreland, 2000) has contributed to the development of a drillable inflatable packer by Weatherford that can be used at high temperatures. Although the packer is not retrievable, it is drillable after the stimulation is finished. Similar noncommercial packers have been used successfully at Soultz. A.5.1.3 Hydraulicfracturingmaterials Propping agents: Manufactured chemically stable proppants can provide acceptable longterm fracture conductivities at 8,000+ meters and temperatures of 250°C. Fracturing fluids: Although water is the fluid of choice from an economic standpoint, there are alternatives that can provide adequate proppant transport rheology for periods of 72 hours at temperatures of 220°C. However, viscosity begins to decrease at about 175°C for most high temperature fluids. Planning for this is necessary, if alternative fluids are to be used. A.5.1.4 Downholeelectricsubmersiblepumps Downhole electric submersible pumps are available for temperatures up to 175°C. Highvolume flow rates of up to about 125 l/s can be produced at this temperature, but there is little testing at temperatures higher than this. Lineshaft pumps can produce fluids at higher temperatures, but these cannot be set at depths greater than about 600 m. They also require the use of oil lubrication of the rotating driveshaft. This oil leaks to the reservoir and is injected, causing longterm environmental risk and possible clogging or fouling of the heat exchangers in binary plants. A.5.1.5 Numericalmodels Numerical models are available for flow in fractures with heat exchange and changing pressure. However, the effect of thermal and pressure changes on permeability in fractures along with heat exchange has not been adequately modeled in such a way that fracture growth can be predicted. Fully coupled models that take geochemical effects into account are far from being perfected. Much more work is needed on the correlations required for these models, if they are to be used successfully.PDF Image | Subsurface System Design Issues EGS vs. Hydrothermal Pool
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