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1. INTRODUCTION The history of humankind is a corollary of energy sources availability and use, from the ancient eras to a visionary future. Civilization, culture, development, and other evolutionary aspects of human race, are consequences of the discovery and evolution of new —and generally better— energy sources, and the efficiency of their use in benefit of society (see Debeir et al.,). Renewable energy sources represented roughly 100 percent of available energy until the early Eighteenth Century. Scientific and technological develop- ment, the exploitation of accessible coal reserves, and —at the end of the Nineteenth Century— the discovery of crude oil and its derivatives, including nat- ural gas, made our global society dependent on fossil energy sources. During almost one century —from 1880 to 1970— the adjusted price of crude oil on the international market oscillated around 15.00 USD/barrel, allowing the world soci- ety to embrace a dream of virtually infinite low-cost energy, or what may be called, a bonus without onus. As of June 2008, oil price skyrocketed to 147.00 USD/barrel; more than 1000 percent increase in just one year, as shown on Figure 1. Until the last quarter of the Twentieth Century, only a few academics had looked deeper into the externalities of the growing share of fossil fuels in the world energy matrix. Also, studies on the relationship between oil availability (reserves) 11PDF Image | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN
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