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2. A GLOBAL AND REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY SITUATION Fossil fuel use, especially crude oil, expanded very quickly throughout the world because of its portability, ease of use, low cost and relative abundance. As a conse- quence, the world experienced very high development rates during the Twentieth Century, in regard to better living standards, based on a more intensive use of en- ergy for transportation, heating, cooking, healthcare, culture, and educational ser- vices. At the same time, crude oil turned out to be the basis of new chemistry branches that lead to new materials, like plastics, polymers, pharmaceuticals, pes- ticides, and fertilizers, among others. Currently, a direct relation between Human Development Index (HDI) and ener- gy consumption is clearly observed. One UNDP study (UNDP, 2006) demonstrated that while the world’s average HDI was 0.741 (2004), the countries with highest HDI (between 0.9 and 1) also had the highest electricity consumption levels; for instance, Japan, France, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, Israel, and South Korea (ca. 7 GWh/person/yr), Australia (11 GWh/person/yr), the United States (14 GWh/person/yr), Canada (18 GWh/person/yr), and Norway (25 GWh/per- son/yr). On the lowest HDI side, Niger and Zambia, whose HDIs are 0.3 and 0.4, respectively, showed per capita electricity consumption rates below 200 kWh/per- son/yr. The best ranked Latin American countries, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, 21PDF Image | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN
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