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• The region’s proven oil reserves were estimated at 114.5 billion barrels at the end of 2003; this represents 10 percent of the world’s total. • LAC’s production of crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) averaged 9.4 M b/d in 2003; this is expected to increase to almost 12 M b/d by 2030. Today, production is dominated by Venezuela, Mexico, and Brazil. • LAC owns almost 9 percent of the world’s total oil-refining capacity. • LAC’s electric power sector is dominated by South European and US companies. • In many countries, electric power prices allow power utilities to make some profits. However, political uncertainty and legal framework instability, which are prevalent in the region, increase financial risks. • LAC is split in two operating power networks with different frequencies: southern countries operate at 50 Hz, whereas northern countries operate at 60 Hz. • LAC countries —including Central American nations— are moving toward the integration of power networks by implementing the project called Central American Countries’ System of Power Interconnection (Sistema de Interconexión Eléctrica de los Países de América Central, SIEPAC), part of the Central America Power Market Framework Agreement (Tratado Marco del Mercado Eléctrico de América Central) and the creation of the Regional Power Market (Mercado Eléctrico Regional). • In order to meet the growing power demand, roughly 12 GW of new power generation facilities have to be installed annually. • Seventy-three percent of LAC’s power plants have nominal outputs under 50 MW; 23 per- cent are in the range of 50-400 MW; and 4 percent, in the range of 400-1 000 MW. • In LAC, most power generation is done by Diesel engine plants (primarily for decentralized power production in remote areas) and conventional steam or gas turbine power plants. • Natural gas turbines account for 27 percent of power generation; steam turbines for 56 per- cent; gas combined-cycle plants for 7 percent; and Diesel engine power plants for 6 percent. The remaining 4 percent is produced by geothermal and nuclear power plants. • 85 percent of all power generation is based on oil and natural gas. Though large coal reserves are present in the region, coal plays a minor role in LAC’s power sector. • Replacement potential close to 9 GW can be identified for the current decade. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 33PDF Image | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN
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