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BOX II ETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE IN BRAZIL After Brazil’s initial growth period, spurred by the Pro-Álcool program (to 12.5 M m3/year, in 1984), ethanol production leveled until 2002, when flex-fuel cars led to a new period of intense growth (from 12.5 M m3 in 2002, to ~24 M m3 in 2008). Internal demand scenarios point to 40 M m3 in 2020, with exports in the 10-15 M m3 range. In 2006, 425 M tons of sugarcane were processed by 325 sugar mills (6.6 M ha), with a total yield of 26 M tons of sugar and 15.7 M m3 of ethanol (derived from 50 percent of the sugarcane). Brazil is the world’s second ethanol producer, and the largest exporter of sugar and ethanol (2005). Ethanol substitutes up to 45 percent of gasoline-based fuels for a global fleet of 22 million vehicles. In 2008, flex-fuel vehi- cles represented 90 percent of all new unit sales. In 2006, the technological level reached by Brazil’s Center-South Region led to an average crop of 82.4 tons of sugarcane/ha (without irrigation), and 35 percent of this was mechanically harvested. Each ton of sugarcane yielded 85 liters of ethanol, plus 2.1 kWh of electric power. Greenhouse gases (GHG) net emission dur- ing ethanol production was 0.27 tons of CO2 equivalent/m3 of ethanol, which meant a GHG reduction of more than 80 percent when substituted for gasoline. The ratio between renewable energy and fossil energy used for ethanol production was 9.2. Substantial improvements made in sugarcane productivity, conversion efficiency, and management since 1975, led Brazil to be the world’s lowest-cost ethanol and sugar producer. However, new technology for energy production (fuels and electric power) based on sugarcane biomass (bagasse and refuse) may become available in the next years. Full integration of such technology to sugar mill operations may rep- resent a 50 percent increase in total energy output. 44 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTUREPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN
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