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concrete bases with upper sections made of steel, and latticework steel towers are also used, but are much less prevalent. Tower height is rather site-specific, and WTs are commonly available with three or more tower-height options. Considering the range of WT sizes, the increase in diameter/rating ratio for the most recent turbines has been a consistent trend. This parameter is important because turbine height grows proportionally with increasing diameter. The relation- ship between diameter and rating is due to wind shearing forces, which increase as wind speed intensifies with height. In the drive train, the rotor is attached to a main shaft, which drives the generator through a gearbox. This gearbox has un- dergone significant improvements in basic architecture with a tendency toward di- rect drive generators. In these new designs, the gearbox is removed and the aero- dynamic rotor drives the generator directly. Hybrid arrangements involving a single- stage gearbox and a multi-pole generator are also appearing. Direct-drive systems for WTs, which avoid the cost and maintenance of a gearbox, are attracting increasing interest. Historically, gearboxes have presented challenges; hence, their substitution by direct-drive systems seems desirable. However, there’s a pos- sibility that mechanical difficulties are simply being replaced by electrical ones. It’s far from clear which of these configurations is optimal. The effort to minimize costs and maximize reliability is persistent; the ultimate goal is minimizing the cost of wind-generated power. Operation at variable speed offers the possibility of increased “grid friendli- ness,” load reduction, and some minor energy benefits. Thus, this is an attractive option. Among WTs with ratings over 1 MW, out of 52 distinct models, produced by 20 different manufacturers, only three had fixed speed, 12 were two-speed sys- tems, and 37 employed variable speed. This shows that, for MW-scale WTs, hav- ing some degree of speed variation is almost mandatory, and continuously vari- able speed is the predominant choice. RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 69PDF Image | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN
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