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Among energy storage means and carriers —apart from fossil fuels—, elec- tric batteries are perhaps the most common and widely used ones, but the ener- gy they can store per volume unit is very low. Nowadays, biofuels are becoming popular because being transportable, they can substitute hydrocarbons with simi- lar efficiency; however, due to the low efficiency of photosynthesis and the pro- cessing costs, biofuels will not be able to meet all future energy needs. Conse- quently, hydrogen —the most common element on Earth, which can be obtained from water or biomass— has the potential to come out as a key energy player in the distant future, once several issues, such as cost, safety, and storage are solved by research and development (R&D). However, it’s important to underscore that hydrogen is not a primary energy source, and for that reason, its production requires a primary energy source. Hydrogen can be obtained directly (by photolysis), or by means of electrici- ty (electrolysis) obtained from renewable energy sources. Its development will also be supported by its potential to transform transportation and stationary energy sys- tems worldwide. Remote sources of renewable energy in areas with good wind, solar or geothermal energy potential can become hydrogen factories. Transpor- tation of hydrogen will then allow delivering the original renewable energy, in form of electrical power and heat on demand, for use in local, scattered fuel cells [which should function also as combined heat and power (CHP) devices]. Artificial photosynthesis pathways or biomass fermentation by specific hydrogen generat- ing microorganisms is another way to produce molecular hydrogen. Widespread and large-scale application of energy storage technologies will not be necessary before 2020, and perhaps not before 2030. Meanwhile, the de- velopment of hydrogen fuels and applications should proceed independently of the renewable energy transition, pulled by the attractive economic benefits of the RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 85PDF Image | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN
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