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The expert consensus is that this fundamental shift in the way we consume and generate energy must begin immediately and be well underway within the next ten years in order to avert the worst impacts of climate change.15 The scale of the challenge requires a complete transformation of the way we produce, consume and distribute energy, while maintaining economic growth. Nothing short of such a revolution will enable us to limit global warming to a rise in temperature of lower than 2°C, above which the impacts become devastating.This chapter explains the basic principles and strategic approach of the Energy [R]evolution concept, which is basis for the scenario modelling since the very first Energy [R]evolution scenario published in 2005. However, this concept has been constantly improved as technologies develops and new technical and economical possibilities emerge. Current electricity generation relies mainly on burning fossil fuels in very large power stations which generate carbon dioxide and also waste much of their primary input energy. More energy is lost as the power is moved around the electricity network and is converted from high transmission voltage down to a supply suitable for domestic or commercial consumers.The system is vulnerable to disruption: localised technical, weather-related or even deliberately caused faults can quickly cascade, resulting in widespread blackouts. Whichever technology generates the electricity within this old fashioned configuration, it will inevitably be subject to some, or all, of these problems. At the core of the Energy [R]evolution there therefore there are change boths to the way that energy is produced and distributed. 2.1 key principles The Energy [R]evolution can be achieved by adhering to five key principles: 1. Respect natural limits – phase out fossil fuels by the end of this century We must learn to respect natural limits.There is only so much carbon that the atmosphere can absorb. Each year we emit almost 30 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent; we are literally filling up the sky. Geological resources of coal could provide several hundred years of fuel, but we cannot burn them and keep within safe limits. Oil and coal development must be ended. The Energy [R]evolution scenario has a target to reduce energy related CO2 emissions to a maximum of 3.5 Gigatonnes (Gt) by 2050 and phase out over 80% of fossil fuels by 2050. 2. Equity and fair access to energy As long as there are natural limits there needs to be a fair distribution of benefits and costs within societies, between nations and between present and future generations. At one extreme, a third of the world’s population has no access to electricity, whilst the most industrialised countries consume much more than their fair share. image A WOMAN STUDIES SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS AT THE BAREFOOT COLLEGE.THE COLLEGE SPECIALISES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PROVIDES A SPACE WHERE STUDENTS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD CAN LEARN TO UTILISE RENEWABLE ENERGY. THE STUDENTS TAKE THEIR NEW SKILLS HOME AND GIVE THEIR VILLAGES CLEAN ENERGY. The effects of climate change on the poorest communities are exacerbated by massive global energy inequality. If we are to address climate change, one of the principles must be equity and fairness, so that the benefits of energy services – such as light, heat, power and transport – are available for all: north and south, rich and poor. Only in this way can we create true energy security, as well as the conditions for genuine human wellbeing. The Energy [R]evolution scenario has a target to achieve energy equity as soon as technically possible. By 2050 the average per capita emission should be between 0.5 and 1 tonne of CO2. 3. Implement clean, renewable solutions and decentralise energy systems There is no energy shortage. All we need to do is use existing technologies to harness energy effectively and efficiently. Renewable energy and energy efficiency measures are ready, viable and increasingly competitive. Wind, solar and other renewable energy technologies have experienced double digit market growth for the past decade.16 Just as climate change is real, so is the renewable energy sector. Sustainable decentralised energy systems produce less carbon emissions, are cheaper and involve less dependence on imported fuel.They create more jobs and empower local communities. Decentralised systems are more secure and more efficient.This is what the Energy [R]evolution must aim to create. “THE STONE AGE DID NOT END FOR LACK OF STONE, AND THE OIL AGE WILL END LONG BEFORE THE WORLD RUNS OUT OF OIL.” Sheikh Zaki Yamani, former Saudi Arabian oil minister To stop the earth’s climate spinning out of control, most of the world’s fossil fuel reserves – coal, oil and gas – must remain in the ground. Our goal is for humans to live within the natural limits of our small planet. 4. Decouple growth from fossil fuel use Starting in the developed countries, economic growth must be fully decoupled from fossil fuel usage. It is a fallacy to suggest that economic growth must be predicated on their increased combustion. We need to use the energy we produce much more efficiently, and we need to make the transition to renewable energy and away from fossil fuels quickly in order to enable clean and sustainable growth. 5.Phase out dirty, unsustainable energy We need to phase out coal and nuclear power. We cannot continue to build coal plants at a time when emissions pose a real and present danger to both ecosystems and people. And we cannot continue to fuel the myriad nuclear threats by pretending nuclear power can in any way help to combat climate change.There is no role for nuclear power in the Energy [R]evolution. references 15 IPCC – SPECIAL REPORT RENEWABLES, CHAPTER 1, MAY 2011. 16 REN 21, RENEWABLE ENERGY STATUS REPORT 2012, JUNE 2012. 2 27 © GP/EMMA STONER the energy [r]evolution concept | KEY PRINCIPLESPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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