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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2 The General Assembly’s Resolution 65/151 called on UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon to organize and coordinate activities during the Year in order to “increase awareness of the importance of addressing energy issues”, including access to and sustainability of affordable energy and energy efficiency at local, national, regional and international levels. In response, the new global initiative, Sustainable Energy for All, launched at the General Assembly in September 2011, along with a High Level Group, is designed to mobilise action from governments, the private sector and civil society globally. The initiative has three inter-linked objectives: universal access to modern energy services, improved rates of energy efficiency, and expanded use of renewable energy sources. The role of sustainable, clean renewable energy To achieve the dramatic emissions cuts needed to avoid climate change, around 80% in OECD countries by 2050, will require a massive uptake of renewable energy.The targets for renewable energy must be greatly expanded in industrialised countries both to substitute for fossil fuel and nuclear generation and to create the necessary economies of scale necessary for global expansion. Within the Energy [R]evolution scenario we assume that modern renewable energy sources, such as solar collectors, solar cookers and modern forms of bio energy, will replace inefficient, traditional biomass use. Step 3: optimised integration – renewables 24/7 A complete transformation of the energy system will be necessary to accommodate the significantly higher shares of renewable energy expected under the Energy [R]evolution scenario. The grid network of cables and sub-stations that brings electricity to our homes and factories was designed for large, centralised generators running at huge loads, providing ‘baseload’ power. Until now, renewable energy has been seen as an additional slice of the energy mix and had had adapt to the grid’s operating conditions. If the Energy [R]evolution scenario is to be realised, this will have to change. Because renewable energy relies mostly on natural resources, which are not available at all times, some critics say this makes it unsuitable for large portions of energy demand. Existing practice in a number of countries has already shown that this is false. Clever technologies can track and manage energy use patterns, provide flexible power that follows demand through the day, use better storage options and group customers together to form ‘virtual batteries’. With current and emerging solutions we can secure the renewable energy future needed to avert catastrophic climate change. Renewable energy 24/7 is technically and economically possible, it just needs the right policy and the commercial investment to get things moving and ‘keep the lights on’.20 Further adaptations to how the grid network operates will allow integration of even larger quantities of renewable capacity. Changes to the grid required to support decentralised energy Most grids around the world have large power plants in the middle connected by high voltage alternating current (AC) power lines reference 20 THE ARGUMENTS AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS OUTLINED HERE ARE EXPLAINED IN MORE DETAIL IN THE EUROPEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY COUNCIL/GREENPEACE REPORT, “[R]ENEWABLES 24/7: INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED TO SAVE THE CLIMATE”, NOVEMBER 2009. and smaller distribution network carries power to final consumers.The centralised grid model was designed and planned up to 60 years ago, and brought great benefit to cities and rural areas. However the system is very wasteful, with much energy lost in transition. A system based on renewable energy, requiring lots of smaller generators, some with variable amounts of power output will need a new architecture. The overall concept of a smart grid is one that balances fluctuations in energy demand and supply to share out power effectively among users. New measures to manage demand, forecasting the weather for storage needs, plus advanced communication and control technologies will help deliver electricity effectively. Technological opportunities Changes to the power system by 2050 will create huge business opportunities for the information, communication and technology (ICT) sector. A smart grid has power supplied from a diverse range of sources and places and it relies on the gathering and analysis of a lot of data. Smart grids require software, hardware and data networks capable of delivering data quickly, and of responding to the information that they contain. Several important ICT players are racing to smarten up energy grids across the globe and hundreds of companies could be involved with smart grids. There are numerous IT companies offering products and services to manage and monitor energy. These include IBM, Fujitsu, Google, Microsoft and Cisco. These and other giants of the telecommunications and technology sector have the power to make the grid smarter, and to move us faster towards a clean energy future. Greenpeace has initiated the ‘Cool IT’ campaign to put pressure on the IT sector to make such technologies a reality. 2.3 the new electricity grid All over the developed world, the grids were built with large fossil fuel power plants in the middle and high voltage alternating current (AC) transmission power lines connecting up to the areas where the power is used. A lower voltage distribution network then carries the current to the final consumers. In the future power generators will be smaller and distributed throughout the grid, which is more efficient and avoids energy losses during long distance transmission.There will also be some concentrated supply from large renewable power plants. Examples of the large generators of the future are massive wind farms already being built in Europe’s North Sea and plans for large areas of concentrating solar mirrors to generate energy in Southern Europe or Northern Africa. The challenge ahead will require an innovative power system architecture involving both new technologies and new ways of managing the network to ensure a balance between fluctuations in energy demand and supply.The key elements of this new power system architecture are micro grids, smart grids and an efficient large scale super grid.The three types of system will support and interconnect with each other (see Figure 2.3). 32 the energy [r]evolution concept | THE “3 STEP IMPLEMENTATION”PDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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