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image AERIAL VIEW OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST OFFSHORE WINDPARK IN THE NORTH SEA HORNS REV IN ESBJERG, DENMARK. 2 box 2.2: definitions and technical terms The electricity ‘grid’ is the collective name for all the cables, transformers and infrastructure that transport electricity from power plants to the end users. Micro grids supply local power needs. Monitoring and control infrastructure are embedded inside distribution networks and use local energy generation resources. An example microgrid would be a combination of solar panels, micro turbines, fuel cells, energy efficiency and information/communication technology to manage the load, for example on an island or small rural town. Smart grids balance demand out over a region. A ‘smart’ electricity grid connects decentralised renewable energy sources and cogeneration and distributes power highly efficiently. Advanced types of control and management technologies for the electricity grid can also make it run more efficiently overall. For example, smart electricity meters show real-time use and costs, allowing big energy users to switch off or down on a signal from the grid operator, and avoid high power prices. Super grids transport large energy loads between regions. This refers to interconnection - typically based on HVDC technology - between countries or areas with large supply and large demand. An example would be the interconnection of all the large renewable based power plants in the North Sea or a connection between Southern Europe and Africa where renewable energy could be exported to bigger cities and towns, from places with large locally available resources. Baseload is the concept that there must be a minimum, uninterruptible supply of power to the grid at all times, traditionally provided by coal or nuclear power.The Energy [R]evolution challenges this, and instead relies on a variety of ‘flexible’ energy sources combined over a large area to meet demand. Currently, ‘baseload’ is part of the business model for nuclear and coal power plants, where the operator can produce electricity around the clock whether or not it is actually needed. Constrained power refers to when there is a local oversupply of free wind and solar power which has to be shut down, either because it cannot be transferred to other locations (bottlenecks) or because it is competing with inflexible nuclear or coal power that has been given priority access to the grid. Constrained power is also available for storage once the technology is available. Variable power is electricity produced by wind or solar power depending on the weather. Some technologies can make variable power dispatchable, eg by adding heat storage to concentrated solar power. Dispatchable is a type of power that can be stored and ‘dispatched’ when needed to areas of high demand, e.g. gas- fired power plants or hydro power plants. Interconnector is a transmission line that connects different parts of the electricity grid.Load curve is the typical pattern of electricity through the day, which has a predictable peak and trough that can be anticipated from outside temperatures and historical data. Node is a point of connection in the electricity grid between regions or countries, where there can be local supply feeding into the grid as well. 2.3.1 hybrid systems While grid in the developed world supply power to nearly 100% of the population, many rural areas in the developing world rely on unreliable grids or polluting electricity, for example from stand-alone diesel generators.This is also very expensive for small communities. The standard approach of extending the grid used in developed countries is often not economic in rural areas of developing countries where potential electricity is low and there are long distances to existing grid. Electrification based on renewable energy systems with a hybrid mix of sources is often the cheapest as well as the least polluting alternative. Hybrid systems connect renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power to a battery via a charge controller, which stores the generated electricity and acts as the main power supply. Back-up supply typically comes from a fossil fuel, for example in a wind-battery-diesel or PV-battery-diesel system. Such decentralised hybrid systems are more reliable, consumers can be involved in their operation through innovative technologies and they can make best use of local resources.They are also less dependent on large scale infrastructure and can be constructed and connected faster, especially in rural areas. Finance can often be an issue for relatively poor rural communities wanting to install such hybrid renewable systems. Greenpeace’s funding model, the Feed-in Tariff Support Mechanism (FTSM), discussed in Chapter 1 allows project to be bundled together so the financial package is large enough to be eligible for international investment support. In the Pacific region, for example, power generation projects from a number of islands, an entire island state such as the Maldives or even several island states could be bundled into one project package.This would make it large enough for funding as an international project by OECD countries. In terms of project planning, it is essential that the communities themselves are directly involved in the process. 33 © GP/MARTIN ZAKORA the energy [r]evolution concept | THE NEW ELECTRICITY GRIDPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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