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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2 2.5 case study: providing smart energy to Bihar, from the “bottom-up” Over one billion people do not have any access to energy services – most of them are living in rural areas, far away from electricity grids. Rural electrification is known to bring economic development to communities, and the premise of an Energy [R]evolution is to strive for more equity, not to entrench disadvantage. Greenpeace worked with a community in northern India in the state of Bihar to see how a real community could create their own, new electricity services in a sustainable way. The core concept was for communities to be able to organise their own electricity supply step by step, building up a local micro-grid that runs on locally available, renewable resources. For example, households may start with only a few hours of electricity for lighting each day, but they are on a pathway towards continuous supply. As each community builds the infrastructure, they can connect their smart microgrids with each other.The advantages are that it is faster than waiting for a centralised approach, communities take their electricity supply into their own hands, and investment stays in the region and creates local jobs. Greenpeace International asked the German/Swedish engineering company energynautics to develop a technical concept. Called Smart Energy Access, it proposes a proactive, bottom-up approach to building smart microgrids in developing countries. figure 2.10: development of household demand They are flexible, close to users so reduce transmission losses, help facilitate integration of renewable energy and educe transmission losses by having generation close to demand. 2.5.1 methodology The first step is to assess the resources available in the area. In Bihar, these are biomass, hydro and solar PV power. The second step is to assess the level of electrical demand for the area, taking into account that the after initial access, demand will almost always grow, following the economic growth electricity allows. For Bihar, demand levels shown in Figure 2.10 were considered. The third and final step is to design a system which can serve the demand using the resources available in the most economic manner. Key parameters for developing a system are: ABSOLUTE MINIMUM RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL RURAL RURAL HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD URBAN HOUSEHOLD • • • That system design uses standard components and is kept modular so that it can be replicated easily for expansion across the region. An appropriate generation mix which can meet demand 99% of the time at the lowest production cost, e.g. using simulation software such as HOMER.35 (Figure 2.11) That electricity can be distributed through a physical network without breaching safe operating limits, and that the quality of the supply is adequate for its use, e.g. using a software model such as PowerFactory36 which tests system behaviour under different operating conditions. (Figure 2.12) ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM MINIMUM • 2 x CFL bulbs • 1 x cell phone • 65 kWh/year • Annual peak 30 W 35 30 25 20 15 10 ABSOLUTE MINIMUM URBAN URBAN URBAN HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD HOUSEH • TV/radio • Cooling/heating • 500-1,000 kWh/year • Annual peak 150-500 W 200 150 100 50 • Computers • Household appliances • 1,200 kWh/year • Annual peak 1 kW 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 5 000 1 3 5 7 9 11131517192123 1 3 5 7 9 11131517192123 Hour of day Hour of day source “E[R] CLUSTER FOR A SMART ENERGY ACCESS”, GREENPEACE MAY 2012. 1 3 5 7 9 11131517192123 Hour of day 42 the energy [r]evolution concept | CASE STUDIES O Watts Watts WattsPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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