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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2 2.5.2 implementation Once an electricity service is available, people generally increase their consumption. A typical pattern for system growth in India is: • 60kWh per household, covering basic lighting, based on two energy-efficient globes per household for a few hours. In Bihar, this can be provided efficiently with a predominantly biomass- powered system, such as the Husk Power Systems37, which are already in use in a number of villages. • 500 kWh per household, provided by a predominantly biomass- diesel system or a biomass-hydro system (if water is available nearby). Such systems can be achieved at costs of around 14-15 INR/kWh, or 9-10 INR/kWh respectively and will cover demand from appliances such as fans, television sets and cellular phones • 1,200 kWh per year per household – an urban level of electricity consumption – can not be provided by the simple systems described above. Without hydro power solar PV would be required, and where hydro power is available, diesel would need to be included to cover seasonal flows.These systems can be achieved also at costs of 14-15 INR/kWh, or 9-10 INR/kWh respectively. 2.5.3 lessons from the study When considering bottom-up microgrid developments some key points for the system’s expansion are: Unit Sizes. From 32 kW and 52 kW for biomass husks to 100 kW minimum for an economic micro-hydro system (based on the general flows for the state of Bihar) to a tiny 100-1,000 W for rooftop solar PV. Diesel generators which could operate with biofuels come in all sizes as they are a more conventional product.The system owner would have to decide how best to expand the system in a piecewise fashion. Connection to the grid. When eventually connected to State or National grid, different arrangements mean the community can be connected or autonomous, depending on the situation. However, expensive and experimental control systems that manage complex transitions would be difficult to implement in a rural area in a developing country which has financial barriers, lower operational capacity, less market flexibility and regulatory considerations. A simplified design concept limits transitions from grid-connected mode to “island mode” when there are central grid blackouts, and back again. Capacity and number systems. To replicate this type of microgrid design across the entire state of Bihar, a rough approximation based on geographical division indicates that 13,960 villages can be supplied by a non-hydro no wind system and 3,140 villages with a hydro system. It is assumed that there is potential for up to 1,900 systems where wind power may be used, and that a total number of 19,000 villages are appropriate to cover all rural areas in the state of Bihar. With such an expansion strategy, at minimum (corresponding to demand scenario 2) approximately 1,700 MW of biomass, 314 MW of hydro and 114 MW of PV power installations would be required. At the stage when microgrids are fully integrated with the central grid (demand scenario 4), it is expected that at least 4,000 MW of biomass, 785 MW of hydro and 10,000 MW of PV power installations would be required. Distance to the grid. System costs of the optimal microgrid designs were compared with the cost of extending the grid to determine the break-even grid distance. Calculations show the break-even grid distance for a biomass + solar + hydro + diesel system (with or without wind) is approximately 5 kilometres, while for a biomass + solar + diesel system (with or without wind) is approximately 10 kilometres. Technology type. The system costs did not vary significantly with the addition of wind power in the generation mix, or with a significant reduction in solar PV installation costs because the costs per installed kilowatt of such systems are already higher than for the other generators. However, when diesel prices increase, the overall system costs also rise, as the cost of energy production from the diesel units increase, but the installation costs are still lower than for solar PV and wind power systems. The case study in Bihar, India, show how microgrids can function as an off-grid system, incorporate multiple generation sources, adapt to demand growth, and be integrated with the central grid while still separate and operate as an island grid if needed. 44 reference 37 WWW.HUSKPOWERSYSTEMS.COM the energy [r]evolution concept | CASE STUDIESPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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