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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2 2.6.1 a rural feed-in tariff for bihar In order to help implement the Energy [R]evolution clusters in Bihar, Greenpeace suggests starting a feed-in regulation for the cluster, which will be partly financed by international funds. The international program should add a CO2 saving premium of 10 Indian Rupee (INR) per kWh for 10 years.This premium should be used to help finance the required power generation as well as the required infrastructure (grids). In the Table 2.2 the CO2 savings, rough estimation of employment effects as well as the required total funding for the CO2 premium for the state of Bihar are shown. 2.7 energy [r]evolution cluster jobs While the employment effect for the operation and maintenance (O&M) for solar photovoltaics (0.4/MW), wind (0.4/MW), hydro (0.2/MW) and bio energy (3.1/MW) are very well documented,39 the employment effect of grid operations and maintenance are not.Therefore Greenpeace assumed in this calculation that for each 100 GWh one job will be created.This number is based on grid operators in Europe and might be too conservative. However it is believed that the majority of the jobs will be created by the O&M of power generation; grid operation may be part of this work as well. Due to the high uncertainty of employment effects from grid operation, these numbers are only indicative. Microgrids can offer reliable and cost competitive electricity services, providing a viable alternative to the conventional topdown approach of extending grid services.The microgrid approach is “smart” because it can facilitate the integration of renewable energies, thereby contributing to national renewable energy (RE) targets. In addition it can reduce transmission losses by having generation close to demand. Being built from modular distributed generation units, it can adequately adjust to demand growth. It can operate both in island mode and grid-connected mode, making operation flexible and can also offer grid support features.This report demonstrates with a case study how this bottom-up approach with microgrids would work. It focuses on development in the state of Bihar in India. Step 1: renewable resource assessment The first step to this approach is to make an assessment of the resources available in the area. In the case of Bihar, these are biomass, hydro and solar PV power. While there are no detailed wind measurements available, there are indications that in some areas wind turbines could operate economically as well. Step 2: demand projections The second step is to assess the level of electrical demand that will need to be serviced. Once there is access to electricity services, demand will almost always grow, accompanying economic growth. For the case of Bihar the following demand levels were considered, which are characterised by total energy consumption, peak demand and daily load profiles as shown in Figure 2.10. As the proposed bottom-up electrification approach starts on a per village basis, a set of village demand profiles is generated based on these hypothetical household demand profiles.The village demand profiles also contain assumptions about non-household loads such as a school, health stations or public lighting. The village-based electricity supply system forms the smallest individual unit of a supply system.Therefore the matching set of generation assets is also determined on a per-village basis. Step 3: define optimal generation mix The third step in this approach is to design a system which can serve the demand using the resources available in the most economic manner. At this point it is of utmost importance that the system design uses standard components and is kept modular so that it can be replicated easily for expansion across the entire state. In designing such a system, an appropriate generation mix needs to be developed, which can meet demand 99% of the time at the lowest production cost.This can be determined using production simulation software such as HOMER40, which calculates the optimal generation capacities based on a number of inputs about the installation and operation costs of different types of generation technologies in India. 46 reference 39 INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURES (ISF), UNIVERS ITY OF TECHNOLOGY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA: JAY RUTOVITZ, ALISON ATHERTON. 40 HOMER IS AN ENERGY MODELLING SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING AND ANALYSING HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS . A TRIAL VERSION OF THE SOFTWARE CAN BE DOWNLOADED FOR FREE AT THE WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.HOMERENERG Y.COM/ the energy [r]evolution concept | CASE STUDIESPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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