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Step 4: network design Once the optimal supply system design is determined, it is also important to make sure that such a supply system can be distributed through a physical network without breaching safe operating limits, and that the quality of the delivered electricity is adequate for its use.This can be done by modelling the physical system using power system simulation software such as PowerFactory.41 In this way the behaviour of the electrical system under different operating conditions can be tested, for example in steady-state power flow calculations. Figure 2.12 shows a diagram of the village power system model used in this study. table 2.4: village cluster demand overview DEMAND SCENARIOS SCENARIO DEMAND PER DAY kWh/day SUPPLY NEEDS TOTAL ANNUAL DEMAND kWh/a 40,514 321,563 640,117 1,530,037 PEAK DEMAND kW peak 22 99.4 271 554 TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY image CHECKING THE SOLAR PANELS ON TOP OF THE GREENPEACE POSITIVE ENERGY TRUCK IN BRAZIL. Step 5: control system considerations The final part of the system design involves the development of a suitable strategy for switching between grid-connected and island modes. Depending on the quality of service required by the loads in the microgrid, the regulations stipulated in the grid code for operation practices, and number of grid support features desired, several different designs could be developed. For microgrids as part of rural electrification efforts in developing countries however, design simplicity and cost efficiency weighs more than the benefits of having an expensive but sophisticated control system.Through the use of microgrids, the gap between rural electrification and universal electrification with grid expansion can be met, while at the same time bringing many additional benefits both for the consumers and grid operators. By developing a system which is modular and constructed using standard components, it makes it easier to replicate it across wide areas with varying geographic characteristics.The method demonstrated in this report can be used to develop roadmap visions and general strategy directions. It must be noted however, that detailed resource assessments, cost evaluations, demand profile forecasts and power system simulations are always required to ensure that a specific microgrid design is viable in a specific location. 2 kW Absolute Minimum (state-wide) Low income demand (state-wide) Medium income demand (state-wide) Urban households (state-wide) source 111 881 1,754 4,192 31.5 106 265 800 “E[R] CLUSTER FOR A SMART ENERGY ACCESS”, GREENPEACE MAY 2012. reference 41 POWER FACTORY IS A POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING AND ANALYSING POWER SYSTEMS. IT IS A LICENSED PRODUCT DEVELOPED BY DIGSILENT. 47 © GP/FLAVIO CANNALONGA the energy [r]evolution concept | CASE STUDIESPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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