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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 3.2 renewable energy financing basics The Swiss RE Private Equity Partners have provide an 3 introduction to renewable energy infrastructure investing (September 2011) which describes what makes renewable energy projects different from fossil-fuel based energy assets from a finance perspective: • Renewable energy projects have short construction period compared to conventional energy generation and other infrastructure assets. Renewable projects have limited ramp-up periods, and construction periods of one to three years, compared to 10 years to build large conventional power plants. • In several countries, renewable energy producers have been granted priority of dispatch. Where in place, grid operators are usually obliged to connect renewable power plants to their grid and for retailers or other authorised entities to purchase all renewable electricity produced. • Renewable projects present relatively low operational complexity compared to other energy generation assets or other infrastructure asset classes. Onshore wind and solar PV projects in particular have well established operational track records.This is obviously less the case for biomass or offshore wind plants. • Renewable projects typically have non-recourse financining, through a mix of debt and equity. In contrast to traditional corporate lending, project finance relies on future cash flows for interest and debt repayment, rather than the asset value or the historical financial performance of a company. Project finance debt typically covers 70–90% of the cost of a project, is non-recourse to the investors, and ideally matches the duration of the underlying contractual agreements. figure 3.1: return characteristics of renewable energies • Renewable power typically has predictable cash flows and it is not subject to fuel price volatility because the primary energy resource is generally freely available. Contractually guaranteed tariffs, as well as moderate costs of erecting, operating and maintaining renewable generation facilities, allow for high profit margins and predictable cash flows. • Renewable electricity remuneration mechanisms often include some kind of inflation indexation, although incentive schemes may vary on a case-by-case basis. For example, several tariffs in the EU are indexed to consumer price indices and adjusted on an annual basis (e.g. Spain, Italy). In projects where specific inflation protection is not provided (e.g. Germany), the regulatory framework allows selling power on the spot market, should the power price be higher than the guaranteed tariff. • Renewable power plants have expected long useful lives (over 20 years).Transmission lines usually have economic lives of over 40 years. Renewable assets are typically underpinned by long-term contracts with utilities and benefit from governmental support and manufacturer warranties. • Renewable energy projects deliver attractive and stable sources of income, only loosely linked to the economic cycle. Project owners do not have to manage fuel cost volatility and projects generate high operating margins with relatively secure revenues and generally limited market risk. • The widespread development of renewable power generation will require significant investments in the electricity network. As discussed in Chapter 2 future networks (smart grids) will have to integrate an ever-increasing, decentralised, fluctuating supply of renewable energy. Furthermore, suppliers and/or distribution companies will be expected to deliver a sophisticated range of services by embedding digital grid devices into power networks. SHORT CONSTRUCTION PERIOD Opportunites Investors benefits PREDICTABLE CASH FLOWS source SWISS RE PRIVATE EQUITY PARTNERS. GARANTEED POWER DISPATCH LOW OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY NON-RECOURSE FINANCING Power generation Transmission & storage 50 INFLATION LINKAGE LONG DURATION RECURRING INCOME implementing the energy [r]evolution | RENEWABLE ENERGY FINANCING BASICS © LANGROCK / GREENPEACE © DREAMSTIMEPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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