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8 WORLD 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK map 8.4: water demand for thermal power generation WORLDWIDE SCENARIO LEGEND REF REFERENCE SCENARIO E[R] ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION SCENARIO OECD NORTH AMERICA 218 REF E[R] THERMAL POWER REFERENCE SCENARIO (FUEL PRODUCTION) ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION SCENARIO (FUEL PRODUCTION) 2009 2020 2050 OECD LATIN AMERICA 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2009 2020 2050 Benefits of the Energy [R]evolution for water: • Electric technologies with low to no water requirements – energy efficiency, wind and solar PV – substituted for thermal power generation with high water impacts. • Reduced water use and contamination from fossil fuel production: no need for unconventional fossil fuels; lowered consumption of conventional coal and oil. • Bioenergy is based on waste-derived biomass and cellulosic biomass requiring no irrigation (no food for fuel). As a result, water intensity of biomass use is a fraction of that in IEA scenarios. • Energy efficiency programmes reduce water consumption in buildings and industry. WATER The Energy [R]evolution is the first global energy scenario to quantify the water needs of different energy pathways.The water footprint of thermal power generation and fuel production is estimated by taking the production levels in each scenario and multiplying by technology- specific water consumption factors. Water consumption factors for power generation technologies are taken from U.S. Department of Energy and University of Texas and adjusted for projected region- specific thermal efficiencies of different operating power plant types.i Water footprints of coal, oil and gas extraction are based on data from Wuppertal Institute, complemented by estimates of water footprint of unconventional fossil fuels as well as first and second generation transport biofuels.ii As a detailed regional breakdown of fuel production by region is not available for the reference scenario, the water footprint of fuel production is only estimated on the global level. 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2009 2020 2050 Billion cubic meters per year Billion cubic meters per year Billion cubic meters per year energy resources & security of supply | WATERPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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