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8.5 renewable energy Nature offers a variety of freely available options for producing energy.Their exploitation is mainly a question of how to convert sunlight, wind, biomass or water into electricity, heat or power as efficiently, sustainably and cost-effectively as possible. image THE BIOENERGY VILLAGE OF JUEHNDE, WHICH IS THE FIRST COMMUNITY IN GERMANY THAT PRODUCES ALL ITS ENERGY NEEDED FOR HEATING AND ELECTRICITY WITH CO2 NEUTRAL BIOMASS. On average, the energy in the sunshine that reaches the earth is about one kilowatt per square metre worldwide. According to the IPCC Special Report Renewables (SRREN)78 solar power is a renewable energy source gushing out at 7,900 times more than the energy currently needed in the world. In one day, the sunlight which reaches the earth produces enough energy to satisfy the world’s current energy requirements for twenty years, even before other renewable energy sources such as wind and ocean energy are taken into account. Even though only a percentage of that potential is technically accessible, this is still enough to provide up to ten times more energy than the world currently requires. Before looking at the part renewable energies can play in the range of scenarios in this report, it is worth understanding the upper limits of their regional potential and by when this potential can be exploited. The overall technical potential of renewable energy is huge and several times higher than current total energy demand.Technical potential is defined as the amount of renewable energy output obtainable by full implementation of demonstrated technologies or practices that are likely to develop. It takes into account the primary resources, the socio-geographical constraints and the technical losses in the conversion process. Calculating renewable energy potentials is highly complex because these technologies are comparatively young and their exploitation involves changes to the way in which energy is both generated and distributed.The technical potential is dependent on a number of uncertainties, e.g. a technology breakthrough, for example, could have a dramatic impact, changing the technical potential assessment within a very short time frame. Further, because of the speed of technology change, many existing studies are based on out of date information. More recent data, e.g. significantly increased average wind turbine capacity and output, would increase the technical potentials still further. RATIO TOTAL RESERVE box 8.1: definition of types of energy resource potential77 Theoretical potential The physical upper limit of the energy available from a certain source. For solar energy, for example, this would be the total solar radiation falling on a particular surface. Conversion potential This is derived from the annual efficiency of the respective conversion technology. It is therefore not a strictly defined value, since the efficiency of a particular technology depends on technological progress. Technical potential This takes into account additional restrictions regarding the area that is realistically available for energy generation. Technological, structural and ecological restrictions, as well as legislative requirements, are accounted for. Economic potential The proportion of the technical potential that can be utilised economically. For biomass, for example, those quantities are included that can be exploited economically in competition with other products and land uses. Sustainable potential This limits the potential of an energy source based on evaluation of ecological and socio- economic factors. 8 table 8.4: renewable energy theoretical potential RE ANNUAL FLUX (EJ/a) Bio energy 1,548 Solar energy 3,900,000 Geothermal energy 1,400 Hydro power 147 Ocean energy 7,400 Wind energy 6,000 (ANNUAL ENERGY FLUX/ 2008 PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY) 3.1 7,900 2.8 0.3 15 12 references 77 WBGU (GERMAN ADVISORY COUNCIL ON GLOBAL CHANGE). 78 IPCC, 2011: IPCC SPECIAL REPORT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE - - - - - - MITIGATION. PREPARED BY WORKING GROUP III OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE [O. EDENHOFER, R. PICHS-MADRUGA, Y. SOKONA, K. SEYBOTH, P. MATSCHOSS, S. KADNER, T. ZWICKEL, P. EICKEMEIER, G. HANSEN, S. SCHLÖMER, C. VON STECHOW (EDS)]. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, UNITED KINGDOM AND NEW YORK, NY, USA, 1075 PP. 221 © PAUL LANGROCK/ZENIT/GP energy resources and security of supply | FOSSIL FUELS, NUCLEARPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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