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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 8.6 biomass in the 2012 energy [r]evolution (4th edition) The 2012 Energy [R]evolution (4th edn.) is an energy scenario which shows a possible pathway for the global energy system to move from fossil fuels dominated supply towards energy efficiency and sustainable renewable energy use.The aim is to only use sustainable bio energy and reduce the use of unsustainable bio energy in developing countries which is currently in the range of 30 to 40 EJ/a.The fourth edition of the Energy [R]evolution again decreases the amount of bio energy used significantly due to sustainability reasons, and the lack of global environmental and social standards.The amount of bio energy used in this report is based on bio energy potential surveys which are drawn from existing studies, but not necessarily reflecting all the ecological assumptions that Greenpeace would use. It is intended as a coarse-scale, “order-of-magnitude” example of what the 8 energymixwouldlooklikeinthefuture(2050)withlargely phased-out fossil fuels.The rationale underpinning the use of biomass in the 2012 Energy [R]evolution is explained here but note the amount of bio energy used in the Energy [R]evolution does not mean that Greenpeace per se agrees to the amount without strict criteria. The Energy [R]evolution takes a precautionary approach to the future use of bioenergy.This reflects growing concerns about the greenhouse gas balance of many biofuel sources, and also the risks posed by expanded bio fuels crop production to biodiversity (forests, wetlands and grasslands) and food security. It should be stressed, however, that this conservative approach is based on an assessment of today’s technologies and their associated risks.The development of advanced forms of bio energies which do not involve significant land take, are demonstrably sustainable in terms of their impacts on the wider environment, and have clear greenhouse gas benefits, should be an objective of public policy, and would provide additional flexibility in the renewable energy mix. All energy production has some impact on the environment. What is important is to minimize the impact on the environment, through reduction in energy usage, increased efficiency and careful choice of renewable energy sources. Different sources of energy have different impacts and these impacts can vary enormously with scale. Hence, a range of energy sources are needed, each with its own limits of what is sustainable. Biomass is part of the mix of a wide variety of sustainable energies that, together, provide a practical and possible means to eliminate our dependency on fossil fuels.Thereby we can minimize greenhouse gas emissions, especially from fossil carbon, from energy production. Concerns have also been raised about how countries account for the emissions associated with biofuels production and combustion.The lifecycle emissions of different biofuels can vary enormously.To ensure that biofuels are produced and used in ways which maximize its greenhouse gas saving potential, these accounting problems will need to be resolved in future.The Energy [R]evolution prioritises non-combustion resources (wind, solar etc.). Greenpeace does not consider biomass as carbon, or greenhouse gas, neutral because of the time biomass takes to regrow and because of emissions arising from direct and indirect land use changes.The Energy [R]evolution scenario is an energy scenario, therefore only energy related CO2 emissions are calculated and no other GHG emissions can be covered, e.g. from agricultural practices. However, the Energy [R]evolution summarizes the entire amount of bio energy used in the energy model and indicates possible additional emissions connected to the use of biofuels. As there are many scientific publications about the GHG emission effects of bio energy which vary between carbon neutral to higher CO2 emissions than fossil fuels a range is given in the Energy [R]evolution. Bioenergy in the Energy [R]evolution scenario is largely limited to that which can be gained from wood processing and agricultural (crop harvest and processing) residues as well as from discarded wood products.The amounts are based on existing studies, some of which apply sustainability criteria but do not necessarily reflect all Greenpeace’s sustainability criteria. Large- scale biomass from forests would not be sustainable.79 The Energy [R]evolution recognises that there are competing uses for biomass, e.g. maintaining soil fertility, use of straw as animal feed and bedding, use of woodchip in furniture and does not use the full potential. Importantly, the use of biomass in the 2012 Energy [R]evolution has been developed within the context of Greenpeace’s broader Bioenergy Position to minimize and avoid the growth of bio energy and in order to prevent use of unsustainable bio energy. The Energy [R]evolution uses the latest available bio energy technologies for power and heat generation, as well as transport systems.These technologies can use different types of fuel and bio gas is preferred due to higher conversion efficiencies.Therefore the primary source for bio mass is not fixed and can be changed over time. Of course, any individual bioenergy project developed in reality needs to be thoroughly researched to ensure our sustainability criteria are met. Greenpeace supports the most efficient use of biomass in stationary applications. For example, the use of agricultural and wood processing residues in, preferably regional and efficient cogeneration power plants, such as CHP (combined heat and power plants). reference 79 SCHULZE, E-D., KÖRNER, C., LAW, B.E .HABERL, H. & LUYSSAERT, S. 2012. LARGE-SCALE BIOENERGY FROM ADDITIONAL HARVEST OF FOREST BIOMASS IS NEITHER SUSTAINABLE NOR GREENHOUSE GAS NEUTRAL. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY DOI: 10.1111/J.1757-1707.2012.01169.X. 228 energy resources and security of supply | BIOMASS IN THE 2012 ENERGY [R]EVOLUTIONPDF Image | SUSTAINABLE WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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