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14 Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary insurmountable technical problems or limitations exist for EGS. However, in our detailed review of international fieldtesting data so far, the panel did not uncover any major barriers or limitations to the technology. In fact, we found that significant progress has been achieved in recent tests carried out at Soultz, France, under European Union (EU) sponsorship; and in Australia, under largely private sponsorship. For example, at Soultz, a connected reservoirwell system with an active volume of more than 2 km3 at depths from 4 to 5 km has been created and tested at fluid production rates within a factor of 2 to 3 of initial commercial goals. Such progress leads us to be optimistic about achieving commercial viability in the United States in a next phase of testing, if a nationalscale program is supported properly. Specific findings include: 1. EGS is one of the few renewable energy resources that can provide continuous baseload power with minimal visual and other environmental impacts. Geothermal systems have a small footprint and virtually no emissions, including carbon dioxide. Geothermal energy has significant baseload potential, requires no storage, and, thus, it complements other renewables – solar (CSP and PV), wind, hydropower – in a lowercarbon energy future. In the shorter term, having a significant portion of our base load supplied by geothermal sources would provide a buffer against the instabilities of gas price fluctuations and supply disruptions, as well as nuclear plant retirements. 2. The accessible geothermal resource, based on existing extractive technology, is large and contained in a continuum of grades ranging from today’s hydrothermal, convective systems through high and midgrade EGS resources (located primarily in the western United States) to the very large, conductiondominated contributions in the deep basement and sedimentary rock formations throughout the country. By evaluating an extensive database of bottomhole temperature and regional geologic data (rock types, stress levels, surface temperatures, etc.), we have estimated the total EGS resource base to be more than 13 million exajoules (EJ). Using reasonable assumptions regarding how heat would be mined from stimulated EGS reservoirs, we also estimated the extractable portion to exceed 200,000 EJ or about 2,000 times the annual consumption of primary energy in the United States in 2005. With technology improvements, the economically extractable amount of useful energy could increase by a factor of 10 or more, thus making EGS sustainable for centuries. 3. Ongoing work on both hydrothermal and EGS resource development complement each other. Improvements to drilling and power conversion technologies, as well as better understanding of fractured rock structure and flow properties, benefit all geothermal energy development scenarios. Geothermal operators now routinely view their projects as heat mining and plan for managed injection to ensure long reservoir life. While stimulating geothermal wells in hydrothermal developments are now routine, the understanding of why some techniques work on some wells and not on others can only come from careful research. 4. EGS technology has advanced since its infancy in the 1970s at Fenton Hill. Field studies conducted worldwide for more than 30 years have shown that EGS is technically feasible in terms of producing net thermal energy by circulating water through stimulated regions of rock at depths ranging from 3 to 5 km. We can now stimulate large rock volumes (more than 2 km3), drill into these stimulated regions to establish connected reservoirs, generate connectivity in a controlled way if needed, circulate fluid without large pressure losses at near commercial rates, and generate power using the thermal energy produced at the surface from the created EGS system. Initial concerns regarding five key issues – flow short circuiting, a need for high injection pressures, water losses, geochemical impacts, and induced seismicity – appear to be either fully resolved or manageable with proper monitoring and operational changes.PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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