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Power Plant Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary makeupwaterInjectionWell injectionpump Sedimentsand/orVolcanics 111 Figure 1.1 Schematic of a conceptual twowell Enhanced Geothermal System in hot rock in a lowpermeability crystalline basement formation. Production Well Low Permeability Crystalline Basement Rocks 10,00030,000ft Depth 310km Depth 1.3 U.S. Geothermal Resource Base In principle, conductiondominated EGS systems in lowpermeability sediments and basement rock are available all across the United States. The first step would be exploration to identify and characterize the best candidate sites for exploitation. Holes then would be drilled deep enough to encounter useful rock temperature to further verify and quantify the specific resource at relevant depths for exploitation. If lowpermeability rock is encountered, it would be stimulated hydraulically to produce a largevolume reservoir for heat extraction and suitably connected to an injection production well system. If rock of sufficient natural permeability is encountered in a confined geometry, techniques similar to waterflooding or steamdrive employed for oil recovery might be used effectively for heat mining (Tester and Smith, 1977; Bodvarsson and Hanson, 1977). Other approaches for heat extraction employing downhole heat exchangers or pumps, or alternating injection and production (huffpuff) methods, have also been proposed. The last published comprehensive study of geothermal energy by the U.S. Geological Survey appeared in 1979 (USGS Circular 790). As a result, we have relied on published data and projections that have appeared since 1979 to update and refine the earlier USGS estimates. We have not tried to improve on USGS estimates of the hydrothermal resources, as they represent a highgrade component of the geothermal resource that is already undergoing commercial development in the United States. For this assessment, we have divided the EGS resource into categories as shown in Table 1.1. (For information on energy conversion factors, see Appendix A.) In addition to the conductiondominated portions of the EGS resource in sediments and basement rock formations, we added three categories: geopressured, volcanic, and coproduced fluids. Resource base estimates for geopressured and supercritical volcanic systems were taken directly from the USGS Circulars 726 and 790. Coproduced fluids is a new category of EGS that was also included in our assessment. It represents heated water that is produced as an integral part of oil and gas production. Estimates in this category were based on ongoing work in Blackwell’s group (McKenna et al., 2005, in Chapter 2).PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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