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112 Exajoules (1EJ = 10 J) Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary Table 1.1 Estimated U.S. geothermal resource base to 10 km depth by category. Category of Resource Thermal Energy, in Reference Conductiondominated EGS Sedimentary rock formations 100,000 This study Crystalline basement rock formations 13,300,000 This study Supercritical Volcanic EGS* 74,100 USGS Circular 790 Hydrothermal 2,400 – 9,600 18 USGS Circulars 726 and 790 Coproduced fluids 0.0944 – 0.4510 McKenna, et al. (2005) Geopressured systems 71,000 – 170,000** USGS Circulars 726 and 790 * Excludes Yellowstone National Park and Hawaii ** Includes methane content While this report uses SI units with energy expressed in exajoules (EJ), these are relatively unfamiliar to most people. Table A.1 provides energy equivalents for other unit systems. Today’s hydrothermal systems rarely require drilling deeper than 3 km (10,000 ft), while the technical limit for today’s drilling technology is to depths greater than 10 km (30,000 ft). Consistent with earlier USGS assessments, we adopted a 10 km limiting depth to define the total geothermal resource base. We assumed that resources at depths of less than 3 km are contained in hydrothermal resource base or are associated with hydrothermal temperature anomalies. Consequently, a minimum depth of 3 km was used for EGS resources in this study. The recoverable resource associated with identified hydrothermal resources has been separately estimated by the USGS and others. Without question, the largest part of the EGS resource base resides in the form of thermal energy stored in sedimentary and basement rock formations, which are dominated by heat conduction and radiogenic processes. These are reasonably quantifiable on a regional basis in terms of rock temperatures at depth, densities, and heat capacities. Southern Methodist University has developed a quantitative model for refining estimates of the EGS resource in sedimentary and basement rocks. While Chapter 2 details their methodology and calculations, here we present only salient results regarding the magnitude and distribution of the U.S. EGS resource. Figure 1.2 shows the heat flow of the conterminous United States where one easily sees that the western region of the country has higher heat flow than the eastern part. This fact leads to substantial regional differences in rock temperature as a function of depth. Figures 1.31.5 illustrate this by showing temperatures at depths of 3.5, 6.5, and 10 km, respectively. The resource base for the sedimentary and basement sections of EGS resources were computed by first subdividing the subsurface into 1 kmthick, horizontal slices of rock. Using the temperature versus depth information from the SMU database, the amount of stored thermal energy for a given location (specified by longitude and latitude coordinates within the United States) could easily be determined for each slice (see Figure 2.3 and the corresponding discussion). Figure 1.6 shows the amount of energy in each slice as a function of temperature at depths to 10 km for the entire United States. This histogram provides a rough estimate of the energy potentially available for each EGS resource grade (given by initial rock temperature and the depth). Higher grades would correspond to hotter, shallower resources.PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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