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1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary Depths of US Maps 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Temperature at depth, oC 9.5 km Temperature label centered under 6.5 km bar (excluding AK & HI) 3.5 km 4.5 km 5.5 km 6.5 km 7.5 km 8.5 km 115 Figure 1.6 Histograms of heat content as thermal energy, as a function of depth for 1 km slices. For each temperature indicated, the total thermal energy content contained in a 1 kmthick slice over the entire U.S. area is plotted. The total resource base to a depth of 10 km can also be estimated. Values are tabulated in Table 1.1. By almost any criteria, the accessible U.S. EGS resource base is enormous – greater than 13 million quads or 130,000 times the current annual consumption of primary energy in the United States. Of course, the economically recoverable reserve for EGS will be much lower, subject to many technical and economic constraints that are evaluated throughout this report. We can easily see that, in terms of energy content, the sedimentary and basement EGS resources are by far the largest and, for the long term, represent the main target for development. However, in the shorter term, it makes sense to develop highergrade EGS resources. For example, very high thermal gradients often exist at the margins of hydrothermal fields. Because wells there would be shallower (< 4km) and hotter (>200°C) with infrastructure for power generation and transmission often in place, such highgrade regions could easily be viewed as initial targets of opportunity. To extract thermal energy economically, one must drill to depths where the rock temperatures are sufficiently high to justify investment in the heatmining project. For generating electricity, this will normally mean drilling to rock temperatures in excess of 150°C to 200°C; for many space or process heating applications, much lower temperatures would be acceptable, such as 100°C to 150°C. Although beyond the scope of this assessment, it is important to point out that even at temperatures below 50°C, geothermal energy can have a significant impact. Geothermal heat pumps provide an important example of how lowgrade thermal energy, available at shallow depths from 2 to 200 m, leads to substantial energy savings in the heating and cooling of buildings. For example, with a practical coefficient of performance (COP) of 4 or better yearround in the U.S. Midwest, it is often Heat Content, EJ (1018J)PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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