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120 Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary Emerging technologies, which have yet to be demonstrated in geothermal applications and are still going through development and commercialization, can be expected to significantly reduce the cost of these wells, especially those at 4,000 m and deeper. One technology that will potentially reduce the cost of the well construction (casing and cementing) is expandable tubular casing, a patented invention by Shell Oil (Lohbeck, 1993). The concept has been licensed to two commercial firms. There are still concerns about the effect of thermal expansion and the depth of reliable application of the expanded casing when in place. Drillingwithcasing is another new technology that has the potential to reduce cost. This approach may permit longer casing intervals, leading to fewer strings and, therefore, reduced costs. Research is needed to improve our understanding of cementing practices that apply to the drillingwithcasing technique. Welldesign changes, particularly involving the use of smaller increments in casing diameters with depth, are likely to significantly reduce EGS well costs. This welldesign approach requires detailed analysis to resolve concerns about pressure drops during cementing. It may be limited to cemented liners. Being able to increase borehole diameter by underreaming is a key enabling technology for almost all of the EGS drilling applications, including current and future drilling technologies. The development of an underreamer that is reliable and can penetrate at the same rate as the lead bit is a necessity. Current work at Sandia on smallelement drag cutters in geothermal formations may enable dragcutter underreamers (the standard for oil and gas applications) to be a viable tool for geothermal application. 1.6 EGS Reservoir Stimulation – Status of International Field Testing and Design Issues Creating an Enhanced Geothermal System requires improving the natural permeability of hot rock. Rocks are naturally porous by virtue of minute fractures and pore spaces between mineral grains. Rateofpenetration (ROP) issues can significantly affect drilling costs in crystalline formations. ROP problems can cause wellcost increases by as much as 15% to 20% above those for more easily drilled basin and range formations. Casing diameters that decrease with depth are commonplace in conventional casing designs for the hydrothermal, and oil and gas industries. Unfortunately, geothermal wells currently require larger diameter casings than oil/gas wells. However, this simply means that EGS wells will benefit even more from the use of successful evolving technologies, which have the potential to reduce the cost of the deep wells by as much as $2.5 million to $3 million per well. In the longer term, particularly when lowergrade EGS resources are being developed, more revolutionary approaches could have a large impact on lowering EGS drilling costs, in that they could increase both ROP and bit lifetime as well as facilitate underreaming. For example, such approaches would reduce the number of times the drill string would have to be removed from the hole to change drill bits. Three revolutionary drilling technology examples include hydrothermal flame spallation and fusion drilling (Potter and Tester, 1998), chemically enhanced drilling (Polizotti, 2003), and metal shot abrasiveassisted drilling (Curlett and Geddes, 2006). Each of these methods augments or avoids the traditional method of penetration based on crushing and grinding rock with a hardened material in the drill bit itself, thereby reducing the tendency of the system to wear or fail.PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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