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Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary When some of this porosity is interconnected so that fluids (water, steam, natural gas, crude oil) can flow through the rock, such interconnected porosity is called permeability. Rock permeability extends in a continuum over several orders of magnitude, from rocks that are highly permeable and whose contained fluids can be produced by merely drilling wells (e.g., oil and gas wells, water wells, hydrothermal systems), to those that are almost completely impermeable (e.g., tight gas sands, hot dry rock). Extensive drilling for petroleum, geothermal, and mineral resources during the past century has demonstrated that the largest heat resource in the Earth’s crust, by far, is contained in rocks of low natural permeability. Recovery of heat from such rocks at commercial rates and competitive costs is the object of the EGS program. This EGS assessment draws heavily on research funded by the DOE and ongoing EGS work around the world. The knowledge gained from this research in the United States and elsewhere, reviewed below, forms a robust basis for the future enhancements of this growing knowledge base. Since the 1970s, research projects aimed at developing techniques for the creation of geothermal reservoirs in areas that are considered noncommercial for conventional hydrothermal power generation have been – and are being – conducted around the world. These include the following: • United States: Fenton Hill, Coso, Desert Peak, Glass Mountain, and The Geysers/Clear Lake • United Kingdom: Rosemanowes • France: Soultz, Le Mayet de Montagne • Japan: Hijiori and Ogachi • Australia: Cooper Basin, Hunter Valley, and others • Sweden: Fjallbacka • Germany: Falkenberg, Horstberg, and Bad Urach • Switzerland: Basel and Geneva Techniques for extracting heat from lowpermeability, hot dry rock (HDR) began at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1974 (Armstead and Tester, 1987). For lowpermeability formations, the initial concept is quite straightforward: drill a well to sufficient depth to reach a useful temperature, create a large heattransfer surface area by hydraulically fracturing the rock, and intercept those fractures with a second well. By circulating water from one well to the other through the stimulated region, heat can be extracted from the rock. Fundamentally, this early approach – as well as all later refined methods – requires that good hydraulic conductivity be created between injection and production wells through a large enough volume of rock to sustain economically acceptable energyextraction rates and reservoir lifetimes. Ultimately, field testing will need to produce a commercialsized reservoir that can support electricity generation or cogeneration of electrical power and heat for a variety of applications such as heat for industrial processes and local district heating. As expected in the early development of any new technology, many lessons have been learned from 30 years of EGS field research in the eight countries listed above. For example, the initial concept of producing discrete hydraulic fractures has largely been replaced by stimulating the natural fracture system. Although the goal of operating a commercialsized EGS reservoir has not been achieved yet, 121PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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