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Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary • Improve methods to repair or remedy any flow short circuits that may develop. • Understand the role of major, preexisting faults in constraining or facilitating the flow in the reservoir. • Develop robust downhole tools to measure temperature, pressure, flow rate, and natural gamma emissions, capable of surviving in a well at temperatures of 200°C or higher for longterm monitoring. • Predict scaling or deposition through better understanding of the rockfluid geochemistry. The advancement of EGS greatly depends on our understanding of the preexisting, unstimulated, rockfracture system – and on our ability to predict how the reservoir will behave under stimulation and production. So far, no EGS reservoir has been operated long enough to provide the data needed to validate a simulation model. A reliable reservoirsimulation model will allow us to better estimate the operating and maintenance costs of an EGS energy facility. 123 As we demonstrate in Chapter 2, the heat stored in the earth beneath the United States – at a depth accessible with today’s drilling technology – is truly vast. However, the fraction of this resource base that can be economically recovered is dependent on improving the technology to map, penetrate, fracture, and maintain productive EGS reservoirs – and on improving our understanding of reservoir behavior under longterm energy extraction. These improvements, in turn, are directly connected to the level of research, development, testing, and demonstration of EGS. 1.7 Geothermal Energy Conversion Technology While support of research will pay rapid dividends in providing measurable improvements to these important components of EGS technology – as well as technologies for drilling and power conversion mentioned earlier – there is also an opportunity for developing more revolutionary, potentially groundbreaking technologies in the longer term that could make EGS even more useful and universally accessible. For example, in Section 1.5, we mentioned three revolutionary drilling methods that could, if perfected, provide increased economic access to EGS by dramatically lowering costs, particularly for lowgrade, lowgradient resources. In the reservoir area, there are possibilities as well. One such possibility involves the proposed use of carbon dioxide (in a supercritical state) as a fluid for heat extraction within an EGS reservoir (Brown, 2000). Recently, Pruess and Azaroual (2006) estimated reservoir performance using supercritical carbon dioxide in place of water. Early modeling results suggest improvements in heatextraction efficiency, as well as the ability to store and sequester carbon dioxide within the confined EGS reservoir for carbon management. With a fully supported federal R&D program and anticipated market price increases for electric power, the technology developed in this program could be implemented in a relatively short period of time in high and midgrade areas in the Western United States. The knowledge and momentum generated during this early deployment would enable EGS methods to be applied widely across the United States, including lowergrade areas of the Midwest and the East, which have not had any hydrothermal geothermal development yet. There are several options for utilizing the thermal energy produced from geothermal systems. The most common is baseload electric power generation, followed by direct use in process and space heating applications. In addition, combined heat and power in cogeneration and hybrid systems, and as a heat source and sink for heat pump applications, are options that offer improved energy savings.PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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