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124 Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary (a) T/G CT (b) CT CS BCV CP T/G C CWP P E IP C PW IWPWFGCIW CP CWP (c) Today, with nearly 10,000 MWe of electricity generated by geothermal worldwide, there are several energy conversion technologies commercially available at various stages of maturity. These include direct steam expansion, single and multistage steam flashing, organic binary Rankine cycles, and twophase flow expanders. Figure 1.9 shows several representative flow sheets of conversion options applicable for a range of EGS resource grades. Directuse and heat pump applications are also having an increasing impact, with a combined, estimated market penetration of about 100,000 MWt worldwide. SPT CS HPT LPT LPP IW Figure 1.9 Schematics of EGS power conversion systems: (a) a basic binary power plant; (b) a singleflash power plant; (c) a tripleexpansion power plant for supercritical EGS fluids.CW There are inherent limitations on converting geothermal energy to electricity, because of the lower temperature of geothermal fluids in comparison to much higher combustion temperatures for fossil fuels. Lower energy source temperatures result in lower maximum workproducing potential in terms of the fluid’s availability or exergy; and in lower heattopower efficiencies as a consequence of the Second Law of thermodynamics. The value of the availability determines the maximum amount of electrical power that could be produced for a given flow rate of produced geofluid, given a specified temperature and density or pressure. Figure 1.10 illustrates how the availability of the geofluid (taken as pure water) varies as a function of temperature and pressure. It shows that increasing pressure and increasing temperature have a nonlinear effect on the maximum workproducing potential. For example, an aqueous geofluid at supercritical conditions with a temperature of 400°C and pressure of 250 bar has more than five times the powerproducing potential than a hydrothermal liquid water geofluid at 225°C. Ultimately, this performance enhancement provides an incentive for developing supercritical EGS reservoirs. PW BCV HPPPDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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