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126 Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary Each case in (1)(3) involved the following steps, using standard methods of engineering design 1.8 Environmental Attributes of EGS and analysis: a) identification of the most appropriate conversion system; b) calculation of the net power per unit mass flow of geofluid; c) calculation of mass flow required for 1, 10, and 50 MW plants; d) estimation of capital and installed plant costs Our analysis of surfaceconversion systems shows the following: • Practical, commercialscale energy conversion systems exist for all EGS geofluid types from lowtemperature liquid water at 100°C to supercritical water at 400°C. • 6,000 to 11,000 MWe of generating capacity exists in coproduced hot waters associated with landbased domestic oil and gas production operations. • Installed capital costs for surface conversion plants ranged from $2,300/kWe for 100°C resource temperatures to $1,500/kWe for 400°C resource temperature. General EGS system properties were treated in one part of the analysis to provide design equations and costs, while several nearterm targets of opportunity were also evaluated in somewhat more detail. Chapter 7 describes the technologies analyzed, along with plantflow sheets and layouts for specific cases. When examining the full life cycle of geothermal energy developments, their overall environmental impacts are markedly lower than conventional fossilfired and nuclear power plants. In addition, they may have lower impacts in comparison to other renewables such as solar, biomass, and wind on an equivalent energyoutput basis. This is primarily because a geothermal energy source is contained underground, and the surface energy conversion equipment is relatively compact, making the overall footprint of the entire system small. EGS geothermal power plants operating with closedloop circulation also provide environmental benefits by having minimal greenhouse gas and other emissions. Being an indigenous resource, geothermal – like other renewable resources – can reduce our dependence on imported fossil fuels. As it provides dispatchable baseload capacity, geothermal – even at high levels of penetration – would have no storage or backuppower requirements. With geothermal energy, there is no need to physically mine materials from a subsurface resource, or to modify the earth’s surface to a significant degree as, for example, in strip mining of coal or uranium. Unlike fossil and biomass fuels, geothermal energy is not processed and transported over great distances (an energyconsuming and potentially environmentally damaging process), there are minimal discharges of nitrogen or sulfur oxides or particulate matter resulting from its use, and there is no need to dispose of radioactive materials. However, there still are impacts that must be considered and managed if this energy resource is to be developed as part of a more environmentally sound, sustainable energy portfolio for the future.PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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