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1.9 Economic Feasibility Issues for EGS Chapter 1 Synopsis and Executive Summary 127 The major environmental issues for EGS are associated with groundwater use and contamination, with related concerns about induced seismicity or subsidence as a result of water injection and production. Issues of noise, safety, visual impacts, and land use associated with drilling and production operations are also important but fully manageable. As geothermal technology moves away from hydrothermal and more toward larger EGS developments, it is likely that environmental impacts and risks will be further reduced relative to those associated with hydrothermal systems. For example, EGS plants should only rarely have a need for abatement of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and other chemical emissions. This section highlights the role that EGS can play in supplying baseload and distributed electricity in evolving U.S. energy markets. Important factors that favor having EGS as an option will be discussed, including projected demand growth, retirement of existing conventional capacity, transmission access, fuel supply limitation, environmental, and other constraints on expanding fossil and nuclear supply. Major components affecting risk in geothermalbased electricity and thermal energy production are discussed in Section 9.7. Geothermal energy, which is transformed into delivered energy (electricity or direct heat), is an extremely capitalintensive and technologydependent industry. Capital investment can be divided into three distinct phases: 1. Exploration, and drilling of test and production wells 2. Construction of power conversion facilities 3. Discounted future redrilling and well stimulation. Estimated levelized costs were used as a basis for comparing EGS projections to existing and new energysupply technologies. The methodology used for the supply curves was analyzed in detail to show how access to potential growth in EGS generation capacity would be available in the United States as a result of the diversity, large size, and distribution of the EGS resource. Two different economic models – Geothermal Electric Technology Evaluation Model (GETEM) and MIT EGS – were updated and modified to estimate levelized electricity prices for EGS technology over a range of conditions. Starting with specified basecase values that represent financial parameters (debt interest, equity rate of return, etc.), system performance (thermal drawdown rate or reservoir lifetime, well flow rate, number of production and injection wells, etc.), capital costs (site exploration, drilling and redrilling, reservoir stimulation, and surface plant facilities), and operating and maintenance costs, we calculated and validated predicted costs for EGS at targeted, representative sites using both models (see Table 1.3), and explored the effects of sensitivity to uncertain parameters, as shown in Figures 1.11 and 1.12.PDF Image | Synopsis and Executive Summary
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