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2. Methodology 2 Methodology The objectives of this investigation (see Section 1) to a large extent determined the methodology that was followed in this report. The review of the state of environmental research (see Section 6) and of the relevant policies in South Africa (see Section 5) was based on a comprehensive literature review. Following international best practice, the authors used evaluative scientometrics for the identification of the state of environmental research in South Africa. Scientometrics is a tool by which the state of science and technology can be observed through the overall production of scientific literature and patents at a given level of specialization. It provides an approach for situating a country in relation to the world, an institution in relation to a country and even individual scientists in relation to their peers. Scientometric indicators are equally suitable for macro-analysis (e.g. a given country’s share in global output of scientific literature over a specified period) and micro-studies (e.g. a given institute’s role in producing articles in a particular field). Environmental research is a multidisciplinary endeavour. The variety of scientific fields affected by and contributing to environmental research dictate that the information platform to be used for the identification of the relevant South African research articles should be multidisciplinary, multi-publisher and geographically diverse. These requirements further permit comparisons of South African performance with the performance of a number of comparator countries. An additional requirement is that the databases should include the addresses of all co-authors (and not only of the first author).This is in order to permit identification of collaborative patterns and to identify all articles with a South African co-author and not only those with a South African first author. The Thomson Reuters ISI Scientific databases (Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index and Arts and Humanities Citation Index) were identified as the most appropriate for the objectives of the investigation. The combined databases comprehensively cover the most prestigious journals in the world in all fields of research and constitute a unique information platform for the objectives of this effort.The main advantage of the ISI journals is that they constitute the highest impact journals in the world. In South Africa, the Department of Education (DOE) has identified the ISI indexed journals for subsidy purposes: universities receive just less than ZAR100,000 (US$10,000) for each article they produce and universities give incentives to their researchers to publish in ISI indexed journals. Consequently, it is expected that the databases will cover the majority of the most important South African environmental research. The ISI databases were used to identify South African authors that had published in the fields of environmental research between 2004 and 2008 and to compare this with environmental research that was undertaken in a number of different developed and developing countries and research centres during the same time period. The same way that research publications indicate the state of research in a country, the number of patents issued, are used to indicate the technological status of a country. Preliminary investigation indicates that South Africa inventors receive approximately 100 patents per annum from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) (the largest patent office in the world), 50 patents per annum from the European Patent Office (EPO) and less than 10 triadic patents per annum (patents providing protection in Japan, USA and European Union). Interpretation of patents issued by the Companies and Intellectual Properties Registration Office (CIPRO)2 for South Africa present difficulties as CIPRO is a non-examining authority (i.e. applications are not examined for novelty and usefulness but they are just registered). This has substantial shortcomings and repercussions for the national innovation system (Pouris, 2010). For the patent analysis presented in this report the databases of the USPTO were utilised. The USA has the largest technological market in the world and hence all inventors aim to protect their inventions there. Patent analysis at country and institutional level can be undertaken according to different methodologies,depending on the objectives and the subject matter of analysis. The most frequently used approaches are “technology code classification” and “keyword classification”. All patents are allocated multiple technology codes from the patent authorities that issue them. Provided that the patents 2 Since the completion of this report, CIPRO and the Office of Companies and Intellectual PropertY Enforcement (OCIPE) have been merged into the Companies and Intellectual PropertY Commission (CIPC). 7PDF Image | The Green Machine 4000
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