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4. The state of climate mitigation technologies Renewable energy resource Stage of development and deployment Concentrating solar power (CSP) or solar thermal power: has been around for about 25 years, with a current combined capacity of approximately 400MWe and is now gathering momentum as a “new” RE technology. Another 400MWe are under construction and 6GWe are in the planning stages.Two other technologies, namely the solar dish (based on the Stirling engine) and Fresnel-lens based CSP, are less mature but are advancing fast, facilitated by the favourable financial incentives for CSP plants in countries such as Spain and the USA. Solar heating and cooling: Photovoltaic power (PV): Wind energy: Ocean energy: Geothermal energy: there are three main applications, namely power generation, direct heat, and ground source heat pumps.“Direct use of heat” for buildings and industry is a commercial technology. Commercial geothermal power plants range from those based on dry steam to Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology. Hydro power: Biomass: is currently the most important renewable energy source in terms of primary energy supply on a global scale. Commercial medium- and large-scale biomass-based combustion systems that produce power, heat or a combination of both, are well-established technologies. Medium-scale gasification systems for power and combined heat and power (CHP) are currently being commercialised.Anaerobic digestion of wet biomass streams is also commercially available. In addition to the current renewable energy technologies based on utilising biomass, the production of first-generation biofuels, mainly for transportation, is gaining momentum in several countries. Some technologies offer prospects to become main second-generation technologies for biofuels, making use of ligno-cellulosic biomass, though these remain mainly at the R&D stage, with some pilot- plant and pre-commercial scale demonstrations in place or under development. 4 The State of Climate Mitigation Technologies Identification of technologies with the potential to make a contribution on energy demand patterns in the future is of importance for planning and research purposes. Such projections take place either through expert opinion or through quantitative techniques such as identifying patent activity. While there are numerous climate mitigation technologies available, ranging from bio-sequestration and ocean iron fertilisation to stratospheric sulphur aerosols and space mirrors, renewable energy (RE) technologies promise not only to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but also to develop into mainstream technologies for developed and developing countries.TechCast (2009) predicts that alternative energy will provide 30% of the World’s energy by 2022. The state of currently utilised renewable energy resources is provided in Table 1, below. Table 1:The state of currently utilised renewable energy resources (Source: IPCC, 2007) solar water heating for dwellings and offices has become a mainstream technology. is used for grid-connected systems and off-grid systems, the latter predominantly in developing countries. is now a mainstream technology. In 2007, investments in on- and offshore wind amounted to an estimated €27.5bn.There are several multinational wind turbine manufacturers, but also a number of wind turbine manufacturers that have a more regional scope. wave power and tidal stream power technologies are entering the commercial stage. has been commercialised, although there is still significant development potential for micro hydro (i.e. less than 1MWe). 10PDF Image | The Green Machine 4000
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