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4. The state of climate mitigation technologies Renewable energy source Estimated energy resource Rate of use in 2005 % of primary energy supply 2005 Comments on environmental impacts [EJ/year] [EJ/year] [%] Hydro (>10MW) 60 25 5.1 Land-use impacts Hydro (< 10MW) 2 0.8 0.2 Wind 600 0.95 0.2 Biomass (modern) 250 9 1.8 Land-use for crops Biomass (traditional) 37 7.6 Air pollution Geothermal 5,000 2 0.4 Waterway contamination Solar PV 1,600 0.2 <0.1 Toxics in manufacturing Concentrating solar power (CSP) 50 0.03 0.1 Small Ocean (all sources) 7 <1 0 Land and coastal issues 12 Table 2: Generalized data for global renewable energy resources (Source: IPCC, 2007) Table 2 shows the commercially available global renewable energy sources available and used during 2005. Based on this table, it is apparent that only a fraction of the potential primary energy supply available is currently being utilised. Figure 3: Patent applications at the USPTO by technology (Source:WIPO, 2009) Abbreviations used in this figure: SOL: Solar energy;WIN:Wind energy; BIO: Bio-energy; HYD: Hydropower; OCN:Wave and tidal power; H&FC: Hydrogen and fuel cells; CCS: Carbon capture and storage; and WST:Waste to energy. USPTO 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 before ‘80 WST CCS H&FC OCN GEO HYD BIO WIN SOL 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% ‘81~’85 ‘86~’90 ‘91~’95 ‘96~’00 ‘01~’05 before ‘80 ‘81~’85 ‘86~’90 ‘91~’95 ‘96~’00 ‘01~’05 Figure 3 shows the results of a recent patent investigation by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, 2009). The investigation identified the growth of patents applications in the USPTO. Number of Applications Percentage of ApplicationsPDF Image | The Green Machine 4000
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