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4. The state of climate mitigation technologies 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 before ‘80 H&FC 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% BIO 40% SOL WIN BIO HYD GEO OCN H&FC CCS WST SOL WIN 30% CCS 20% WST HYD OCN 10% GEO 0% ‘81~’85 ‘86~’90 ‘91~’95 ‘96~’00 ‘01~’05 before ‘80 ‘81~’85 ‘86~’90 ‘91~’95 ‘96~’00 ‘01~’05 Figure 4: Patent applications by technology (Source:WIPO, 2009) Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies have seen increasing numbers of applications at USPTO since the mid-1990s. Fuel cells were initially designed for use in spacecraft but in the 1990s further civilian uses were identified. In 2002, the US government, together with major automotive and refinery companies laid out a “National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap” to foster research and development of hydrogen- related technologies. Bio-energy is the second most active technology. It has received increasing attention since 1991, with applications rapidly increasing until 2000. Substantial support has been provided for the use of biomass in power generation and for biofuels, for example in the form of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), a common gasoline additive. Under US energy tax regulation passed in 1998, domestic ethanol producers received a subsidy of 51cents per gallon of ethanol in the form of tax exemptions. This tax exemption was transformed into an ethanol blender tax credit of 51cents per gallon in 2004. In the early 1970s, the primary focus of solar energy technologies primarily focused of was on heating. Since then, development has focused increasingly on photovoltaic technologies. Figure 4 shows the patent applications by technology in all patent offices internationally. Hydrogen and fuel cells appears to be the technology with the most patent activity, followed up by solar applications.Wind energy appears to be in the process of bypassing bio-energy in terms of the number of relevant patents. Table 3 shows the investment requirements for a number of renewable technologies.The table reveals that certain renewable technologies (e.g. PV) are substantially more expensive than the pulverised coal fired power without carbon capture and storage (CCS) (US$1500 per kWe – see note b in the table on the next page). 13 Number of Applications Percentage of ApplicationsPDF Image | The Green Machine 4000
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