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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – The Organic Rankine Cycle: Thermodynamics, Applications and Optimization – Sylvain Quoilin and Vincent Lemort The efficiency of both cycles can be expressed by the Carnot efficiency: η =1− Tc Th Where Th is the mean heat source temperature and Tc the condensing temperature (in degrees Kelvin). This efficiency increases when the heat source temperature increases: the evaporating curve (1-2-3-4 in Figure 3) rises, the mean hot temperature is increases so is the cycle efficiency. In summary, increasing the efficiency of the basic ideal Rankine can be achieved in two ways: increasing the mean hot temperature, or decreasing the condensing temperature. The condensing temperature (or pressure) is limited by the temperature of the heat sink: if a cooling tower is used, this temperature is roughly the ambient air temperature. There is therefore little space for optimization on this parameter. Two degrees of freedom are available when trying to increase the mean hot temperature: the evaporating temperature (T2 or T3), and turbine inlet temperature (TIT = T4). For the cycle presented in Figure 3, increasing the superheating by 1K increases the efficiency by 0.041%, while increasing the evaporation temperature by 1K increases the efficiency by 0.085%. The main goal is therefore to maximize the evaporating temperature/pressure first and not the turbine inlet temperature. However these temperatures cannot be indefinitely increased because of the following limitations: - The TIT is limited by the turbine design: high temperatures can decrease the blade resistance and the longevity of the turbine. It is typically comprised between 500 and 600°C. Current research aims at elevating this maximum temperature, among others by the use of high temperature-resistant alloys (Leyzerovich, 2008). - The presence of liquid droplets in the steam can corrode the turbine blades and decrease its lifetime. Therefore, the vapor quality (the mass of liquid divided by the total mass of steam and liquid) is always maintained higher than 0.9. These limitations have practical implications on the maximum evaporating temperature, as illustrated in Figure 4: - If the maximum turbine inlet temperature is fixed (here at 500°C), and if the evaporating temperature is set to 235°C, cycle 2 is obtained (dashed lines). The cycle efficiency is 30.1% and the vapor quality at the end of the expansion is 0.95, which is acceptable (> 0.9). - For the same maximum TIT, if the evaporating temperature is set to 345°C, cycle 1 is obtained (plain lines). The cycle efficiency is increased up to 34.4% because the Mean Hot temperature is increased. However, the vapor quality at the end of the expansion is 0.84, which is not acceptable for the turbine blades. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERSPDF Image | The Organic Rankine Cycle
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