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the lowest temperature gradients (Figure 1, and blue tones in Figure 2). The easternmost well, Well 1, has a temperature gradient of 6.9 °F/100 ft which is approximately four times the regional value (~ 2 °F/100 ft). In the western end, TG-10 is about 1000 ft west of the main cluster and has a temperature gradient of 3.5 °F/100 ft, almost twice the expected regional background. TG-6 in the north has the lowest temperature gradient with 2.6 °F/100 ft but shows its proximity to the hot springs area by being about 10 °F hotter at the surface than Well 1 or TG- 10. The relatively low gradients in TG-6 tend to support the narrow width of the anomalous zone defined by the 0.5m holes (Figure 1) defined by Wescott and Turner (1981). If the gradients in these surrounding wells are showing the deep thermal conditions, the target temperatures of about 250 °F anomaly could be encountered at depths of 2000 to 4000 ft. This would include the entire area so far examined by thermal gradient drilling. Figure 2 Static TD curves for the shallow wells. The outer area wells (tones of blue), the wells near the margins of the central anomaly (tones of red) and the wells within the central shallow anomaly (tones of green) are shown for comparison. See Figure 1 for well locations. The wells between the central anomaly and the edges have all relatively higher temperature gradients compared to the previously discussed wells (Red tones in Figure 2). Temperature gradients in this group of wells ranges from 13.8 °F/100 ft in TG-11 to 31 °F/100 ft in TG-2. All of these wells are closer by hundreds of feet to the center of the thermal anomaly than the previously described “remote” wells. However, they do not have extremely high temperature gradients as seen in the other wells in the hot springs area. In Well 2 and TG-11, linear temperature curves continue to depths of up to hundreds of feet showing conductive behavior. However, since the western end of the main geothermal anomaly is not clearly defined, TG-11 could either be within the main high temperature zone at shallow depths or reflect deeper conditions. The relatively higher gradients in all of these wells may decrease at greater depths because of proximity to the margins of the thermal anomaly. These wells however are more likely to overlie high temperatures at depth than the remote wells. The central shallow area is the apex of the shallow anomaly where the surface leakage is located and the wells are hot at very shallow depths (Figure 2, green tones). No wells have been drilled below a depth of 300 feet in this area. Well 0 and 5 are used for the direct use thermal needs of the resort therefore equilibrium temperatures logs are not available. The TG-1 well encountered 165 °F water at very shallow depths. It was drilled almost entirely in unaltered but fractured granite. TG-1 and Well 6 are artesian and therefore have essentially isothermal temperature profiles. Temperature-depth data from this group of wells show characteristics of highly fractured and permeable rock at shallow depths with upward moving thermal fluid bringing high temperatures close to the surface. All of these wells have extremely high near-surface temperature gradients. Only one well in this group, Well 4 in the eastern end of the fractured hot springs area, shows lower temperatures with increasing depth with a slight overturn below 200 ft. This might be due to the semi- horizontal movement of water toward the east end of the main shallow anomaly. Very slight shallow overturns are also observed in TG-1 and Well 6, but temperature reversals are more profound in Well 4 toward the east. At the south edge of the main hot springs area, TG-5 shows conductive rollover behavior at depths of 100- 150 ft. The shape of the temperature depth curve is diagnostic of the footwall portion of a flow system along a planar fault or fracture zone dipping to the north-east. Thus, this well defines the southern edge of the shallow thermal anomaly. In spite of TG-5 being only a few hundred feet from the TG-1 site where a temperature of 165 °F at 60 ft is present, the projected depth to the 165 °F isotherm at the TG-5 site is about 1000 ft implying strong fall in isotherms toward the south. Although the shallow part of TG-5 shows conductive behavior, the projected deep temperatures below 150 ft are still consistent with high temperatures at reasonably shallow depths. Eastern area deep wells Wells in the east are characterized by relatively low temperatures and show effects of lateral flow toward the east. Well 2 (Figure 3) was drilled in 1998 and deepened in late 2005. The log made in October 2005PDF Image | THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHENA HOT SPRINGS
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