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The most commonly investigated cycles in low‐grade heat source and waste heat utilizations today are Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) and Kalina cycle (binary fluids and fluid mixtures). The ORC uses an organic working fluid (such as R113 and R123) to generate power (electricity). The working fluid is heated to saturated vapor and the expanding vapor is used to drive an expansion machine. The main advantage of ORC is that for many organic compounds, it is not necessary to superheat the working fluid to avoid moisture erosion at the turbine outlet, which may result in higher cycle efficiency. For the Kalina cycle, the advantage is that the zeotropic fluid mixtures can match the heat source temperature profile better, so that better efficiency can be expected. However, the drawbacks of these cycles are also numerous: for ORC, the working fluids such as R113 and R123 are expensive, strong climate gases themselves, and also ozone‐depleting. In addition, the change of phase for organic compounds during the heating process (evaporation) may introduce so‐called “pinching” 5 in the heat exchanger, which produces irreversibility and counteracts the effort to improve the cycle efficiency from a thermodynamic viewpoint. For Kalina cycles, using fluid mixtures will yield a poorer heat transfer performance than using pure working fluid. Moreover, ammonia water, which is the most commonly used working fluid in the Kalina cycle, is highly toxic and corrosive (Yan, 1991, Thorin, 2000). Compared to the working fluids that have been mentioned, carbon dioxide is a natural working fluid and has many advantages: it is inexpensive, non‐explosive and non‐ flammable. It also has low Global Warming Potential (GWP=1) and no Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP). For many years, CO2 has been proposed by many scientists as a replacement for 5 Pinching is the smallest temperature difference in the heat exchanger 2PDF Image | Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide
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