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2 Background 2.1 Working Fluid Comparison There are many thermophysical properties that should be considered when selecting a proper working fluid for utilizing the energy in low‐grade heat sources and waste heat. For instance, the critical temperature and critical pressure will indicate whether the cycle will be run as a transcritical cycle or a subcritical cycle, the possibility for condensing and the system working pressure respectively; the Cp value will influence the shape of the temperature profiles in the system heat exchangers; the specific volume and specific power density will predict the sizes of the system components for certain applications; the value of / will indicate the possibility of moisture content at the turbine outlet (i.e. the need for superheating), etc. Meanwhile, there are also other issues that need to be considered, such as environmental aspects (i.e. GWP and ODP), safety, availability, and cost. More than 50 working fluids have been proposed in the literature, among which there is, however, no best fluid that can meet all the criteria. Therefore, certain compromises may be needed to find the most suitable working fluid for a certain application. Table 2‐1 gives the properties of some typical working fluids that represent different categories of working fluids proposed in the literature (water is used as a reference). 7PDF Image | Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide
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