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If one considers toxicity and flammability, working fluid of ASHRAE level A1 should be the safest one to use. Therefore, working fluids like ammonia and isobutene are not preferred. If one considers the environmental impacts, working fluid with the lowest ozone depleting potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) should be selected. Consequently, working fluids like Trifluoromethane (R23), Octafluoropropane (R218) and Azeotropic mixture (R500) can then be neglected. If one considers moistures at the expansion outlet, working fluids that have negative values of dS/dT (e.g. Difluoromethane, R32 and Pentafluoroethane, R125) may lead to moisture creation at the turbine outlet without a proper superheating and therefore they are not desired. Moreover, although it is reported that the Kalina cycle can achieve better performance than conventional ORCs (fluids such as 2.2‐Dichloro‐1.1.1‐trifluoroethane, R123), fluid mixtures often show poorer heat transfer performance than pure working fluids. Because of this, fluid mixtures are less desirable, if a transcritical power cycle can be realized. Meanwhile, working fluids that have high critical temperatures will have difficulty being utilized in transcritical power cycles if low‐grade heat sources are to be utilized. After taking all these aspects into account, carbon dioxide proved to be a promising working fluid for utilizing the energy in low‐grade heat sources and waste heat in transcritical power cycles with good temperature matching. Carbon dioxide has thus many advantages as a working fluid for utilizing the energy in low–grade heat sources and waste heat. It is an environmentally benign natural working fluid and safe to use. Furthermore, it is abundant in nature and it is available at low cost. Moreover, the chemical and thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide have been thoroughly studied and there is therefore sufficient knowledge about them. Compared to other working fluids listed in Table 2‐1, carbon dioxide has a low critical temperature and relative high critical 10PDF Image | Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide
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