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pressure (31.1 °C / 87.98 °F and 7.38 MPa / 1070.38 psi). Thanks to the low critical temperature, even a low‐grade heat source can give a transcritical cycle whose “gliding” temperature profile can provide a better match to the heat source temperature glide than other working fluids (as mentioned above). Moreover, since the heating process takes place in the supercritical region, some complexity involved in a phase‐ changing process (e.g. flow maldistribution) can be avoided. Although the high pressure may have created some challenges in system component design in the past, this field has fast developed in recent years with faster and faster technical improvements. Furthermore, due to its high specific power, the CO2 system is more compact than systems using other working fluids. Moreover, the energy in the expansion outlet carbon dioxide can be recovered within the cycle through a regenerative heat exchanger (i.e. a regenerator); thus, the high working pressure is helpful in reducing the regenerator size and the excellent heat transfer characteristics of CO2 help to minimize the influence of pressure drop on the cycle efficiency. 2.2 History of CO2 Power Cycle Research on the CO2 power cycle was first proposed by Sulzer Bros in 1948 and later several countries, such as the Soviet Union, Italy and the United States, became involved in the research on such a cycle (Feher, 1962 and 1967, Dekhtiarev, 1962; Angelino, 1966). However, after the great interest during the 60‐ties, research on such cycles dwindled for many years until the 1990s, mainly due to the limited amount of suitable heat sources e.g. nuclear) and limited knowledge of suitable compact heat exchangers and expansion machines (Dostal, 2004). After the 1990s and the development of compact heat exchangers and materials, renewed interest was shown in carbon dioxide power cycles and much research has been carried out (Dostal, 2004; Chang, 2002). Nevertheless, most investigations have focused on a carbon dioxide power cycle with a nuclear reactor as a heat source, thus a cycle working 11PDF Image | Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide
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