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considering the availability of the low temperature water in reality and the limitation of the cycle’s critical temperature (31.1 °C), the condenser pressure is set to 60 bar, which corresponds to approximately 22 °C condensing temperature. The pump efficiency is assumed to be 0.8, based on Tadano et al.’s research on CO2 hermetic compressors (Tadano et al., 2000), due to the fact that research on CO2 pumps is relatively limited compared to the research on CO2 compressors. At the same time, it is well known that a pump’s efficiency is normally higher than a compressor’s, mainly due to the smaller volume change during the pumping process than during the compressing process, and, moreover, Tadano et al.’s research was done under similar working conditions. Different expansion efficiencies ranging from 70% (conservative valve used in the earlier studies) to 85% (in the latest studies) have been used in this study. Since there is very limited research on CO2 expanders in the low‐grade heat source utilization field, the efficiency values are chosen based on the research on carbon dioxide expansion machines in transcritical refrigeration cycles, where they are used to replace the throttling valve in order to increase the cycle COP (Nickl et al., 2003; Zha et al., 2003; Huff et al., 2003). In addition, the IHX’s effectiveness is assumed to be 90% according to Boewe et al. (Boewe et al.2001). 3.1.2 The influences of the cycle working parameters on the CO2 transcritical power cycle performance There are many factors that may influence the performance of CO2 transcritical power cycles, such as the effectiveness of the IHX, the heat source temperature, as well as the compressor and expander’s specifications. By plotting the expansion inlet temperature vs. cycle efficiency for a given pump efficiency with various expansion efficiencies, and by plotting the expansion inlet temperature vs. cycle efficiency for a given expansion efficiency with various pump efficiencies (Figure 3‐1 & Figure 3‐2), it is found that the cycle 22PDF Image | Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide
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