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HEAT SOURCE T IN HEAT SOURCE T TH Supercritical CO2 recovers waste heat to a higher temperature Technology Comparison NO PINCHING WORKING FLUID: CARBON DIOXIDE IN TOUT TC PINCHING WORKING FLUID: FLUID WITH PHASE CHANGE RELATIVE HEAT ENERGY TOUT TC TH RELATIVE HEAT ENERGY Figure 3: Comparison of waste heat exchanger operation between a thermal source and different working fluids shows the advantages of using supercritical CO2 as a working fluid for power generation from waste heat. Source: derived from Refs. (6, 7). A brief comparison of working fluids currently used commercially for power generation through heat recovery is shown in Table 1. Unlike steam-based systems that require condensate control and conditioned water for steam generation to prevent scaling, corrosion and fouling of system piping and components, CO2 is a clean, non-scaling, non-fouling working fluid, and provided it is maintained in a dry condition, it is non-corrosive as well. Also, due to the boiling heat exchange process, a typical steam-based heat recovery system requires multiple stages (e.g. economizer, boiler and superheater) and multiple pressures to efficiently extract heat from the source. Effective management of stresses in the large steam drums often is a limiting factor in steam system design, particularly for cyclic operation. The single-phase heat transfer process of CO2 permits simpler, more robust construction of the waste heat exchanger. Proper management of the startup process also gives CO2 a much shorter potential heat-up and time to power than typical steam-based systems. Table 1: Comparison of Power Generating Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery Source Temp Range (F) 400 to greater than 1,200 180 to 550 650+ Parameter ECHOGEN ScCO2 Power Cycle Organic Rankine Cycle Steam Rankine Cycle Working Fluid Supercritical carbon dioxide HCFC, HFC or volatile hydrocarbons Treated water Working Fluid Attributes Non-corrosive, not-toxic, non-flammable, thermally stable Limited temperature range, flammable Requires treatment to reduce corrosion & mineral deposition 4PDF Image | Transforming Waste Heat to Power through Development of a CO2
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