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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review United States Gas Hydrate Program The U.S. DOEÕs Methane Hydrate Program continues to pursue several important areas of gas hydrate research and characterization despite severe budget constraints. The selected projects are de- signed to increase the understanding of gas hydrates in the context of future energy supply and changing climates. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel continue their involvement in resource evaluation, including consultation with assessment programs being conducted outside of the U.S. Ignik Sikumi Gas Hydrate Exchange Trial The results of the Ignik Sikumi Gas Hydrate Exchange Trial were released in late 2012, including a presentation at the Arctic Technology Conference. The test was carried out from February 15 to April 10, 2012 in Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska. The project team injected a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen into hydrate-bearing sand, and demon- strated that this mixture could promote the produc- tion of natural gas. This test was the first ever field trial of a methane hydrate production methodology whereby CO2 was exchanged in situ with the methane molecules resulting in methane gas and CO2 hydrate. After measurement and compositional analysis, gas from the Ignik Sikumi test was flared. During the test, 210 thousand cubic feet (5.9 thousand m3) of a N2/ CO2 gas mixture was pumped into the methane hy- drate-bearing formation. The injected gas was 23% N2 and 77% CO2. The recovered gas was 2% CO2, 16% N2, and 82% CH4, demonstrating that significant ex- change had taken place within the reservoir of carbon dioxide for methane. Although not a technology for near-term production of methane from hydrate deposits, the test provides a path for carbon seques- tration in the future. All data developed in the test were released in March, 2013. The Prudhoe Bay production test, delayed by a number of issues, remains under re- view by the partners. The Gulf of Mexico Joint Industry Project (JIP) has concluded. The pressure core system and laboratory equipment developed for the JIP was used for the Japanese program. Gas Hydrate in India A planned LWD (logging-while-drilling) dril- ling program is under review for offshore India in 2014, with site selection finalized in April, 2013. This program is focused on reservoir delineation and re- source assessment, and is targeting hydrate-bearing sands. Two legs are planned, with the first dedicated to LWD logging. The previous gas hydrate field program (2006) targeted seismic BSRs (bottom simulating reflectors) and recovered significant amounts of gas hydrate, but in fine-grained sedi- ments having low permeability. Gas Hydrate in China China commenced exploratory gas hydrate drilling and coring in Spring, 2013. Results and other details of the program have not yet been released. Gas Hydrate in South Korea After two successful drilling programs (2006 and 2010), South Korea is planning a gas hydrate production test for 2014. TIGHT-GAS SANDS Fran Hein7 and Dean Rokosh8 Tight gas is in low-permeability (mD to lD)/ low-porosity reservoirs, and gas cannot be extracted economically without expending much technological effort (i.e., fracturing and/or acidizing) (King 2012). Most tight-gas sand production/exploration activities take place in North America, China, Australia, Poland, and the Ukraine (Jenkins 2010, 2011; Hein and Jenkins 2011; and HartÕs Unconventional Gas Center, www.ugcenter.com). The following play descriptions show the variability of tight-gas sands. The United States 1. The Dew–Mimms Creek Field, East Texas Basin (Fig. 7), hosted by the Bossier For- mation, yields 1% of East Texas gas 7Alberta Energy Regulator (former Energy Resources Conserva- tion Board), Calgary, AB T2P 0R4, Canada; Chair, EMD Gas (Tight) Sands Committee. 8Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada.PDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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