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reports that most of the geothermal energy produced in the United States (3,187 MW capacity) has been in the western states, with California and Nevada leading the nation with 2,615 and 469 MW, respectively. Other states such as Hawaii (43 MW), Utah (42 MW), Idaho (16 MW), Alaska (0.73 MW), Oregon (0.28 MW), and Wyoming (0.25 MW) produce the remaining amount of geothermal electric power. Historically, most early geothermal power generation in the U.S. came from dry steam pro- duced from wells drilled in areas of high heat flow and at relatively shallow depths (Fig. 15). Dry steam power plants account for around 1585 MW (nearly 50%) of installed geothermal capacity, all of which are located in California. This type of production is from high-temperature resources where live steam is found in the subsurface. But it is also limited in aerial distribution, requiring specific geologic crite- ria to be met for this type of resource. Hence, dry steam production became flat by 1985. Fortunately, new technology was developed to capture additional heat through flash-steam processes, allowing some- what lower temperature water under pressure to ‘‘flash’’ to steam during a pressure reduction pro- cess. The flash-steam process generated an addi- tional 900 MW of power, mostly from California, between 1985 and 1990, after which further pro- duction through 2012 occurred at a much slower rate. The development of binary turbine technology has opened the industry even more, allowing much lower temperature fluids to be used for power gen- eration along with a move of the geographic foot- print beyond California, especially in the last decade. It is the binary technology that has allowed various demonstration projects for heat capture from produced hot water in conjunction with oil and gas production that has the potential to drastically expand geothermal power production into sedi- mentary basins in the U.S. and worldwide. Numerous projects are underway regarding geothermal production in areas generally perceived as oil and gas regimes, and are part of this discussion below. Additionally, a major project at data gath- ering throughout the country is underway through the various State geologic surveys (discussed below) that will make larger amounts of data...especially from oil and gas well temperature data...available for subsurface map generation. Some of these data have been used to generate an interactive map hosted by Google Earth that allows for a very regional picture of potential temperatures existing at various depths in the subsurface (Fig. 16). The data can be queried for different depth ranges of tem- perature, surface heat flow, along with other parameters. For Figure 16 a depth of 5.5 km was chosen due to this depth being in the range of dee- per gas fields in many parts of the country. The yellow dots located in each state represent the potential for geothermal energy production within each state. Clicking on any state initiates a drop- down window that shows the production potential within that state. Figure 17 is an example from Texas. The depth range for energy recovery is 3–7 km. Temperatures are listed for the various depths, along with the estimates of the amount of recovery in megawatts of power. Low, median, and high potential recovery factors are listed and are calculated over a 30-year project life. The importance of these data, along with the following discussion, is to demonstrate that geo- thermal energy is no longer confined to areas worldwide where active or recently active volcanic activity is dominant. Geologically quiescent areas such as sedimentary basins appear to hold a vast heat energy source that has yet to be fully explored. Because of the drilling and data available through the oil and gas industry, this industry is sitting on a huge untapped potential for energy production that is renewable, has good upsider public relations potential, and can provide jobs for geoscientists, petroleum engineers, drillers, and many other support services for decades to centu- ries to come. Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting—September 30–October 3, 2012 A total of 214 presentations were made at the Geothermal Resources Council annual meeting in Reno, Nevada. At least 20 articles related to geo- thermal energy in sedimentary environments were identified through the table of contents by title and recognition of various authors involved with this type of geothermal energy production. When pre- sented, the papers are arranged within session top- ics. Although there may be additional presentations that fall within low-temperature geothermal pro- duction or geothermal energy from sedimentary rock, these were the presentations that stood out from the others. A brief description of these pre- sentations is presented here. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals DivisionPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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