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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review Figure 15. Total U.S. geothermal installed capacity by technology type from 1975 to 2012. Output is in megawatts (MW) of power. Source from Geothermal Energy Association Annual Geothermal Power Production and Development Report: April 2012 (http://www.geo-energy.org/). Case Studies. While previous geothermal studies involving Mississippi have focused in the southern part of the state and the Mississippi River flood plain, a study presented by Lindsey (2012) has looked at the eastern, north-central Mississippi area in Oktibbeha County. Using well data from the Mississippi Oil and Gas Board website, wells with online log images were downloaded with the bot- tom-hole temperature (BHT) data recorded for the county. During the data analysis stage, temperature correction values were applied to the data that im- proved the expected temperature found at depth, thereby improving upon past mapping of the region and increasing the likelihood that geothermal energy could be produced over a larger area than previously thought. By contrast, the Denbury Resources well that demonstrated coproduced geothermal power production using the ElectraTherm Green Machine was farther south in the Summerland Field of Cov- ington and Jones Counties. Jumping to Germany, Lentsch et al. (2012) presented a discussion on overcoming drilling chal- lenges with rotary steerable systems in deep geo- thermal wells in the Molasse Basin of southern Germany. These wells have been drilled to between 8,200 and 14,700 ft (2499 and 4,480 m), with hori- zontal displacement of up to 9,800 ft (2,987 m). The wells are drilled into karstified dolomites and lime- stones of the upper Jurassic that form the most productive thermal aquifer of the basin. Depending on temperature and production rates, the thermal energy is used for power generation coupled with heating, or for heating alone in the case of lower temperatures. Temperatures between 176 and 284°F (80 and 140°C) and water production rates over 44,000 BBLs per day (6,995 m3) are common. Another presentation by Borozdina et al. (2012) focused on thermochemical modeling of cooled brine injection into low-enthalpy sedimen- tary reservoirs for district heating projects. The concept discussed is that of a doublet well sys- tem—an injector—producer combination—and the chemistry consequences that can result and which must be managed. Two case studies were modeled for this study, the Dogger limestones of the Paris Basin and the Rijswijk sandstones in the southern Netherlands. The practical outcomes of the studies were that although porosity changes caused by temperature-induced precipitation or dissolution of mineral species (carbonate, anhydrite, and silicates) do occur, their magnitude neither alter porosity, permeability, nor subsequent reservoir performance significantly. Coproduction. Not to be outdone by coproduced geothermal demonstration projects in the U.S., the LB reservoir in the Huabei oil field has been studied and used in China for geothermal power production. Xin et al. (2012) reported that pilot tests were con- ducted in oil wells with produced water tempera- tures in the 230–250°F (110–121°C) range. The field is 93 miles (150 km) south of Beijing with an oil reservoir area of around 11,000 acres (4,452 ha), with the oil layer located in Mesoproterozoic Jixian System Dolomite at a depth of over 10,500 ft (3,200 m). Rock porosity was reported at 6.0% withPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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