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American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals Division Figure 16. Subsurface temperature map produced through Google Earth for a depth of 5.5 km (18,000 ft). Temperatures range from 50°C (122°F) in dark green to 300°C (570°F) in purple, at increments of 50°C. Areas in light blue are excluded from production potential due to being national parks or preserves. permeability around 158 mD. There is a dense micro-fracture network at 1–2 fractures/cm2. The rock is dominated by small vugs and the fractures are the main channel for fluid flow. Prior to this project, there were 6 producing wells out of a field total of 27, with a 97.8% water cut. The project appeared to be an attempt to not only increase the amount of oil being produced but also, with the increase in hot water production, capture the heat and generate electrical power. To test this concept, a 400-kW screw expander manufactured by Jiujiang Power was used with a water flow of over 18,000 BBls (2,862 m2) per day from 8 producing wells. Gross output was 360 kW with net at 310 kW, for a total energy generated of 310,000 kWh of electric- ity over a several months period. When fully operational, the power plant can generate 2,700,000 kWh of electricity per year, with an in- crease in oil production. Returning to the U.S., Augustine and Falken- stern (2012) of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided an estimate of the near-term electricity generation potential from co- produced water from active oil and gas wells. Pre- vious studies have estimated that 15–25 billion barrels (2.4–4 billion m3) of water are coproduced annually. These studies suggested that total elec- tricity generation potential could be in the tens of gigawatts. Augustine and Falkenstern (2012) fo- cused on the near-term market potential of the co- produced resource by developing a 2.5 million well database from information derived from 24 state oil and gas commissions, of which 500,000 were identi- fied as active wells. Cut-off temperature for elec- tricity production was chosen to be 176°F (80°C). As an electronic database for well temperatures was not readily available, the authors assumed a BHT from comparing the location and depth of the wells to previous U.S.-wide geothermal and temperature maps derived from the SMU Geothermal Labora- tory and the older AAPG BHT database. With these assumptions in place, the authors concluded that a near-term electricity production potential of 300 MW existed. Various practical operational fac- tors such as minimum power plant size, available cooling water or transmission, project economics,PDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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