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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review Figure 17. Example of geothermal potential within Texas for a 3–7-km-depth range. Source: www.google.org/egs. etc., could further limit the number of sites that could be developed. Interestingly, roughly two- thirds of the near-term potential was found to exist in Texas. Focusing into specific basin level geothermal, Crowell et al. (2012) investigated various BHT cor- rection methods within the Denver Basin of Colo- rado and Nebraska. When oil and gas wells are drilled the act of drilling alters the temperature profile of a well to some generally unknown distance into the surrounding rock. Since most wells are not allowed to sit to allow for a return to temperature equilibrium between the well bore and the forma- tion, correction factors are the attempt to calculate what the actual BHT in the well would be if equi- librium was reached. Crowell et al. (2012) investi- gated three existing schemes: the Forster, the Harrison, and the Kehle corrections. Each of these correction equations were generated with a specific region or dataset in mind, making the application of these corrections to other basins inappropriate, since different lithologies and thermal histories will be present in different areas. Several wells that were in the Nebraska part of the basin were in temperature equilibrium, and these wells were used to generate a correction factor specific to the Denver Basin. Moving into Wyoming, Nordquist and Johnson (2012) presented a discussion of data collected on a 3.5-year operation of an Ormat 250 kW power generation plant operating on the RMOTC facility at the Teapot Dome oil field north of Casper. Dur- ing this time the power plant has produced over 2,120,000 kWh (enough for 120 homes each year) and utilized over 11,140,000 barrels (1,771,118 m3) of water, at a temperature between 195 and 210°F (91 and 99°C). Production is from the Tensleep Battery that has up to 60,000 BBLs (9,539 m3) water per day available from multiple wells. This project was started as a demonstration to determine the feasibility of coproduced geothermal energy and has been successful in showing the potential for future development. Further information can be found at www.rmotc.doe.gov. Knowing and determining the reliability of data is important when using that data to make decisions regarding energy production, be it geothermal or oil and gas operations. Various standards of quality codes have been used since the 1970s for conven- tional geothermal analysis that include equilibrium temperature logs, thermal conductivity measure- ments, and appropriate data corrections. However, the increased use of BHT data from oil and gas wells has required a re-evaluation, and new standards that cover this preponderance of new data are being made available through the National Geothermal Data System. Richards et al. (2012) from SMU have proposed a revised reliability code that incorporated the past systems with increased parameter definition to cover both the traditional and BHT sites. A method encompassing weighted values for each primary parameter used to determine heat flow is linked in a series to rank the site reliability. Thus, heat flows from different data types and calculation methods can be compared to determine data reli- ability. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). EGS repre- sents an approach whereby a geothermal potential exists at a location but that the deliverable water/ heat from that formation will occur only if the for- mation or rock units are enhanced through some induced process—i.e., fracking. In the first of these two papers, Bruno et al. (2012) from Terralog, USA, stated that the recent advance in drilling, comple- tion, and production technology within the oil and gas industry has the potential to be applied in thePDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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