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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review Returning to the U.S., Gosnold et al. (2012) have been investigating the thermostratigraphy of the Williston Basin, important not only for geo- thermal energy but also for better understanding the history of oil and gas generation. They developed an approach for determining temperatures of strata in a sedimentary basin using heat flow, formation lithology, thickness, and thermal conductivity of rock. They calibrated the method on five sites in the basin where temperature versus depth profiles al- lowed an iterative analysis of temperature gradient, thermal conductivity, and heat flow. Comparison of the temperature projections to BHT provided in- sight on determining a reliable correction for BHT data. Large-scale application of the method using stacked structure contours can provide a complete and accurate assessment of geothermal resources in a basin. Geophysics. Reflection seismic data have generally not been used extensively in the geothermal industry while magnetic surveys have been more important in industry development. Ardakani and Schmitt (2012) presented a discussion on the integration of both survey types for geothermal exploration in northeast Alberta, Canada. The ‘‘Athabasca region’’ holds a significant amount of AlbertaÕs bitumen resources contained in both oil sands and carbonates. The area has not been developed due to its relative isolation from existing infrastructure and uncertainties asso- ciated with in situ production from the carbonates. More recent interest in the region has opened pos- sibilities for either EGS or conventional geothermal system development. Over 50 2D seismic lines and high-resolution aeromagnetic data, along with well log data from 511 wells, were obtained for integra- tion and interpretation in construction of a regional geological/geophysical model for this area of rela- tively thin layers of sediments overlying the Pre- cambrian metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. Motivation for the study is the need to find sustainable and lower greenhouse gas emission solution for production of bitumen from these oil sands, using geothermal heat as part of the produc- tion process. Regulatory Environmental Issues. Energy and envi- ronmental analyses have been important in working to develop a robust set of geothermal technologies that meet future demand. Previous work summa- rized what is currently known about the life cycle freshwater requirements of hydrothermal and EGS- generating systems. Clark and Harto (2012) of Ar- gonne National Laboratory presented an assessment of the use of freshwater in low-temperature geo- pressured geothermal power (GPP) generation sys- tems as part of a larger effort to compare the life cycle impacts of geothermal electricity generation with other power generation technologies. Argonne carried out this life cycle analysis (LCA) to quantify energy, water, and environmental impacts of GPP plants to understand the potential environmental impacts of future geothermal industry growth. The LCA boundaries include all on-site activities for the construction and operation of a geothermal facility over a 30-year operational lifetime. The LCA fo- cused on a GPP scenario that produced 3.6 MW of electric power from the geothermal contribution and 17.3 MW of thermal power from the natural gas contribution. Parameters used were based on industry experts and well field characteristics at Pleasant Bayou (Texas) and other geopressured geothermal test wells. Clark and Harto (2012) found that on a per-well basis and a per-kWh lifetime en- ergy output basis, geopressured geothermal systems appear to consume less water than other geothermal technologies. Overall water requirements across the lifetime are low because maintaining reservoir pressure is not a long-term goal of geopressured systems. The spent geofluid is typically sent to a disposal well, also the opportunities for reuse of the geofluid could be explored. Turning from freshwater usage in geothermal production, Morgan (2012) presented information on geothermal regulations in Colorado, with land ownership being a key issue. Colorado geothermal resources are separately classified as water on pri- vate land and as mineral on state and federally administered lands. Additionally, where classified as mineral, only the heat is classified as mineral, regardless of the land administration. Any water used to extract the heat is administered by the Colorado State Engineer through the Division of Water Resources. Rules and regulation for permit- ting geothermal exploration and development are better understood if considered separately for pri- vate, state-administered, and federally administered lands. Many geothermal resources cover more than one of these types of land, but the permitting pro- cesses are not synchronized. Sovereign Native American lands were not included in his discussion as they represent a special category of land. As a result, multiple agencies may be involved at any gi- ven time with geothermal activities, with eachPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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