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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review electrical cables. Pierce (2013) of Geotek Energy explained how with one additional string in a well the expander pump is capable of lifting fluids from deeper depths and generates power from high-tem- perature sites. The technology patent is pending and locations to demonstrate the technology are under consideration. The Canadian Gas Pipeline industry is setting the example in the gas compressor station business. Straquadine (2013) of NRGreen Power gave exam- ples of what the U.S. could be accomplishing based on the already successful power generation in Can- ada. Using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technol- ogy the waste heat to power facilities in Saskatchewan are producing over 20 MW currently, and in Alberta additional sites will bring the total generation to approximately 40 MW. Straquadine conveyed the frustration of the WHP industry not being included as a renewable energy equivalent since it is not defined in the Public Utilities Regu- latory Policy Act (PURPA) or the Energy Inde- pendence and Security Act of 2007. This sentiment was highlighted by Southerland (2013) representing the WHP industry trade association, Heat is Power. This energy source is application-based for genera- tion capability; therefore, the individual states have determined if it will be considered part of the renewable portfolio or considered separately. Being considered a part of the renewable package option opens the door to improved financing, electrical purchase price, and tax credits. For the oil and gas industry, through inclusion of surface waste heat in their operations, they have an opportunity improve their energy efficiency and in addition generate in- come through renewable energy credits and/or car- bon offsets in those states with WHP incentives. Presenter Trevor Demayo (Demayo and Schrimpf 2013), Energy Management Coordinator for ChevronÕs San Joaquin Valley Operations, de- tailed the competing uses for waste heat in a field before it can be used to generate electricity. The challenges are to find the locations where incre- mental power is needed, such as where high power costs, safety, and security are improved with addi- tional on-site electrical generation. Often the chan- ges in the oil and gas industry are driven from regulations in other countries raising the bar to efficiency. Although the conference had generating electricity as a focus, multiple presenters noted the need to offset heating/cooling of buildings; how the use of wells for district heating or green commercial building sites is another substantial resource cur- rently being under-utilized. Demayo included off- setting building loads for field operators as a first step to reducing known expenses, with little per- mitting/regulation concerns. District heating is underway in West Chester University in Pennsyl- vania and even Maine has geothermal potential with economically designed systems for buildings. Through the increased ability to use bottom-hole temperature data from oil and gas wells, the geo- thermal industry has studied how to correct the tem- peratures for drilling impact and then determined the geothermal resource. The reserves for Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and Montana were discussed at this meeting. The outcome of these studies shows that within sedimentary basins there are areas with tem- perature differentials between surface and current drilling depths which are capable of generating elec- tricity. In states with high winter heat loads, there is also the ability to use the under 200°F (93°C) fluids to heat buildings and thus reduce our nationÕs need for fossil fuel-generated electricity. Texas Christian University has received a National Science Founda- tion grant to fund further research on stored energy within sedimentary basins. Holbrook (2013), lead of the SEDHEAT program, emphasized the importance of removing hurdles for the geothermal and oil and gas industries to work together on defining and developing the next generation of combined plays. Fluid flow pathways must be defined at a broader scale as well as more refined for the greatest heat extrac- tion. Inclusion in the SEDHEAT program is open to all researchers and companies. The expectation by the geothermal industry is for low-temperature coproduction projects within sedi- mentary basins to expand into large-scale enhanced/ engineered geothermal systems (EGS). The U.S. DOE is funding projects to move the ‘‘future of geothermal’’ forward. As a result of experiments in EGS during the past few months, that future is now today. Uddenburg (2013) of AltaRock Energy highlighted how the pro- ject at Newberry Volcano in Oregon has successfully hydrosheared (created shear failure along existing fractures) the reservoir, thereby increasing the reser- voir capacity from approximately 10 L/s to 20 L/s over a 1-month cycling injection procedure. High water volumes are rarely the talk of the oil and gas industry, but as Will Gosnold (Gosnold and Barse 2013) (University of North Dakota) showed, in the Williston Basin there is no way to avoid it; high water volumes are exactly what is needed for oil and gas wells to be economically viable for thePDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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